Towards Producing a Truly Green Biodiesel
03 Mar 2008-Energy Sources Part A-recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 30, Iss: 8, pp 754-764
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a new concept that uses waste vegetable oil and non-edible plant oils as biodiesel feedstock and not-toxic, inexpensive, and natural catalysts that overcome the limitation of the existing process.
Abstract: The production of biodiesel has received considerable attention throughout the world in the past few years. As an alternative to petrodiesel, biodiesel is a renewable fuel that is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. However, the existing biodiesel production process is neither completely “green” nor renewable because it utilizes fossil fuels, mainly natural gas as an input for methanol production. Also the catalysts currently in use are highly caustic and toxic. The purpose of this article is to propose a new concept that uses waste vegetable oil and non-edible plant oils as biodiesel feedstock and non-toxic, inexpensive, and natural catalysts that overcome the limitation of the existing process. The economic benefit of the proposed method is also discussed. The new concept will render the biodiesel production process truly green.
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TL;DR: The biofuel policy aims to promote the use in transport of fuels made from biomass, as well as other renewable fuels as mentioned in this paper, which provides the prospect of new economic opportunities for people in rural areas in oil importer and developing countries.
981 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the current refuel valorization facilities as well as the future importance of biorefineries are reviewed. And the authors conclude that upgraded bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis can be used in vehicle engines as fuel.
425 citations
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01 Dec 2008
TL;DR: The primary feedstocks of bioethanol are sugarcane and corn as discussed by the authors, which is the most widely used biofuel for transportation worldwide, and about 60% of global bio-ethanol production comes from sugar cane and 40% from other crops.
Abstract: The biofuels include bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, vegetable oils, biomethanol, pyrolysis oils, biogas, and biohydrogen. There are two global biomass based liquid transportation fuels that might replace gasoline and diesel fuel. These are bioethanol and biodiesel. World production of biofuel was about 68 billion L in 2007. The primary feedstocks of bioethanol are sugarcane and corn. Bioethanol is a gasoline additive/substitute. Bioethanol is by far the most widely used biofuel for transportation worldwide. About 60% of global bioethanol production comes from sugarcane and 40% from other crops. Biodiesel refers to a diesel-equivalent mono alkyl ester based oxygenated fuel. Biodiesel production using inedible vegetable oil, waste oil and grease has become more attractive recently. The economic performance of a biodiesel plant can be determined once certain factors are identified, such as plant capacity, process technology, raw material cost and chemical costs. The central policy of biofuel concerns job creation, greater efficiency in the general business environment, and protection of the environment.
420 citations
TL;DR: Experimental analysis showed that both oils, soapnut and jatropha, have great potential to be used as feedstock for biodiesel production, and fatty acid methyl ester from cold pressed soapnut seed oil was envisaged as biodiesel source for the first time.
Abstract: Due to the concern on the availability of recoverable fossil fuel reserves and the environmental problems caused by the use those fossil fuels, considerable attention has been given to biodiesel production as an alternative to petrodiesel. However, as the biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats, there are concerns that biodiesel feedstock may compete with food supply in the long-term. Hence, the recent focus is to find oil bearing plants that produce non-edible oils as the feedstock for biodiesel production. In this paper, two plant species, soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) and jatropha (jatropha curcas, L.) are discussed as newer sources of oil for biodiesel production. Experimental analysis showed that both oils have great potential to be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from cold pressed soapnut seed oil was envisaged as biodiesel source for the first time. Soapnut oil was found to have average of 9.1% free FA, 84.43% triglycerides, 4.88% sterol and 1.59% others. Jatropha oil contains approximately 14% free FA, approximately 5% higher than soapnut oil. Soapnut oil biodiesel contains approximately 85% unsaturated FA while jatropha oil biodiesel was found to have approximately 80% unsaturated FA. Oleic acid was found to be the dominant FA in both soapnut and jatropha biodiesel. Over 97% conversion to FAME was achieved for both soapnut and jatropha oil.
304 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the significance of biomass for different generations of biofuels, and biochemical and thermochemical processes, and the importance of biorefinery products, and conclude that non-edible lignocellulosic biomass is an alternative bio-source for creating 2nd generation bio-fuel and algae biomass for 3rd and 4th generation bio fuels.
Abstract: Fossil fuels have been a major contributor to greenhouse gases, the amounts of which could be reduced if biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel were used for transportation. One of the most promising biofuels is ethyl alcohol. In 2015, the world production of ethanol was 25.6 billion gallons and the USA, Brazil, China, the European Union, and 28 other countries have set targets for blending ethanol with gasoline. The two major bio-source materials used for ethanol production are corn and sugarcane. For 1st generation biofuels, sugarcane and corn feedstocks are not able to fulfill the current demand for alcohol. Non-edible lignocellulosic biomass is an alternative bio-source for creating 2nd generation biofuels and algae biomass for 3rd and 4th generation biofuels. This review discusses the significance of biomass for the different generations of biofuels, and biochemical and thermochemical processes, and the significance of biorefinery products.
250 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the transesterification reaction is aected by molar ratio of glycerides to alcohol, catalysts, reaction temperature, reaction time and free fatty acids and water content of oils or fats.
4,902 citations
"Towards Producing a Truly Green Bio..." refers background in this paper
...Alkali-catalyzed transesterification is much faster than acid-catalyzed transesterification, and all commercial biodiesel producers prefer to use this process (Ma and Hanna, 1999)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, various methods of preparation of biodiesel with different combination of oil and catalysts have been described and technical tools and processes for monitoring the transesterification reactions like TLC, GC, HPLC, GPC, 1H NMR and NIR have also been summarized.
Abstract: Biodiesel is gaining more and more importance as an attractive fuel due to the depleting fossil fuel resources. Chemically biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feed stock like vegetable oils and animal fats. It is produced by transesterification in which, oil or fat is reacted with a monohydric alcohol in presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction condition, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, type and amount of catalysts, reaction time and temperature and purity of reactants. In the present paper various methods of preparation of biodiesel with different combination of oil and catalysts have been described. The technical tools and processes for monitoring the transesterification reactions like TLC, GC, HPLC, GPC, 1H NMR and NIR have also been summarized. In addition, fuel properties and specifications provided by different countries are discussed.
3,232 citations
"Towards Producing a Truly Green Bio..." refers background in this paper
...For these reasons, biodiesel production from renewable plants and vegetable sources has been considered one of the most viable alternative fuels to substitute for petroleum diesel (Giridhar et al., 2004; Meher et al., 2004)....
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01 Jul 1998
TL;DR: The Aquatic Species Program (ASP) as mentioned in this paper was a relatively small research effort intended to look at the use of aquatic plants as sources of energy, with an emphasis on algae for biodiesel production.
Abstract: The Aquatic Species Program was a relatively small research effort intended to look at the use of aquatic plants as sources of energy. Its history dates back to 1978, but much of the research from 1978 to 1982 focused on using algae to produce hydrogen. The program switched emphasis to other transportation fuels, particularly biodiesel, beginning in the early 1980's. This report summarizes the research activities carried out from 1980 to 1996, with an emphasis on algae for biodiesel production.
1,858 citations
"Towards Producing a Truly Green Bio..." refers background in this paper
...Various types of algae, some of which have oil content of more than 60% by their body weight in the form of tryacylglycerols, are the potential sources for biodiesel production (Sheehan et al., 1998)....
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TL;DR: The results suggested that the new process, which combined bioengineering and transesterification, was a feasible and effective method for the production of high quality biodiesel from microalgal oil.
1,379 citations
"Towards Producing a Truly Green Bio..." refers background in this paper
...It is safely biodegradable, offers scope for re-cycling waste oils, and produces far less air pollutants than fossil diesel (Miao and Wu, 2006)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol as well as the main uses of the fatty acid methyl esters are reviewed. But, the anchored catalysts show leaching problems.
Abstract: The transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol as well as the main uses of the fatty acid methyl esters are reviewed. The general aspects of this process and the applicability of different types of catalysts (acids, alkaline metal hydroxides, alkoxides and carbonates, enzymes and non-ionic bases, such as amines, amidines, guanidines and triamino(imino)phosphoranes) are described. Special attention is given to guanidines, which can be easily heterogenized on organic polymers. However, the anchored catalysts show leaching problems. New strategies to obtain non-leaching guanidine-containing catalysts are proposed. Finally, several applications of fatty acid esters, obtained by transesterification of vegetable oils, are described.
1,293 citations