Toxicokinetic models and related tools in environmental risk assessment of chemicals.
TL;DR: State-of-the-art toxicokinetic tools and models that have been applied to terrestrial and aquatic species relevant to environmental risk assessment of chemicals and a number of chemical classes including plant protection products, metals, persistent organic pollutants, nanoparticles are reviewed.
About: This article is published in Science of The Total Environment.The article was published on 2017-02-01. It has received 88 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Risk assessment.
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TL;DR: This review is thus organized to critically assess the significant role of nanotechnology for encapsulation of AIs for pesticides and the future trends of pesticide nanoformulations including nanomaterials as AIs and nanoemulsions of biopesticides are explored.
354 citations
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TL;DR: The blue mussel (Mytilus spp.) is widely used as a bioindicator for monitoring of coastal water pollution (mussel watch programs) and some important issues for future research and development are highlighted.
318 citations
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Stephanie K. Bopp, Robert Barouki1, Werner Brack2, Silvia Dalla Costa, Jean-Lou Dorne3, Paula E. Drakvik4, Michael Faust, Tuomo K. Karjalainen, Stylianos Kephalopoulos, Jacob D. van Klaveren, Marike Kolossa-Gehring5, Andreas Kortenkamp6, Erik Lebret7, Teresa Lettieri, Sofie Nørager., Joëlle Rüegg4, Jose Tarazona3, Xenia Trier8, Bob van de Water9, Jos van Gils, Åke Bergman4, Åke Bergman10 •
TL;DR: This paper maps how the different projects contribute to the data needs and assessment methodologies and identifies remaining challenges to be further addressed for the assessment of chemical mixtures.
156 citations
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TL;DR: This paper intends to provide a critical view of the metabolism of chiral pesticides in non-target species, including humans, and discuss their implications, as well as, conduct a review of the analytical techniques employed for in vitro and in vivo metabolism studies of Chiral pesticides.
126 citations
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Colin Ockleford, Paulien Adriaanse, Philippe Berny, Theodorus Brock, Sabine Duquesne, Sandro Grilli, Antonio F Hernandez-Jerez, Susanne Hougaard Bennekou, Michael Klein, Thomas Kuhl, Ryszard Laskowski, Kyriaki Machera, Olavi Pelkonen, Silvia Pieper, Robert H. Smith, Michael Stemmer, Ingvar Sundh, Aaldrik Tiktak, Christopher J. Topping, Gerrit Wolterink, Nina Cedergreen, Sandrine Charles, Andreas Focks, Melissa Reed, Maria Arena, Alessio Ippolito, Harry Byers, Ivana Teodorovic
TL;DR: An opinion on the state of the art of Toxicokinetic/Toxicodynamic (TKTD) models and their use in prospective environmental risk assessment (ERA) for pesticides and aquatic organisms is developed.
Abstract: Following a request from EFSA, the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR) developed an opinion on the state of the art of Toxicokinetic/Toxicodynamic (TKTD) models and their use in prospective environmental risk assessment (ERA) for pesticides and aquatic organisms. TKTD models are species‐ and compound‐specific and can be used to predict (sub)lethal effects of pesticides under untested (time‐variable) exposure conditions. Three different types of TKTD models are described, viz., (i) the ‘General Unified Threshold models of Survival’ (GUTS), (ii) those based on the Dynamic Energy Budget theory (DEBtox models), and (iii) models for primary producers. All these TKTD models follow the principle that the processes influencing internal exposure of an organism, (TK), are separated from the processes that lead to damage and effects/mortality (TD). GUTS models can be used to predict survival rate under untested exposure conditions. DEBtox models explore the effects on growth and reproduction of toxicants over time, even over the entire life cycle. TKTD model for primary producers and pesticides have been developed for algae, Lemna and Myriophyllum. For all TKTD model calibration, both toxicity data on standard test species and/or additional species can be used. For validation, substance and species‐specific data sets from independent refined‐exposure experiments are required. Based on the current state of the art (e.g. lack of documented and evaluated examples), the DEBtox modelling approach is currently limited to research applications. However, its great potential for future use in prospective ERA for pesticides is recognised. The GUTS model and the Lemna model are considered ready to be used in risk assessment.
100 citations
Cites background from "Toxicokinetic models and related to..."
...Specific aspects of TK, with emphasis on internal compartmentation, were discussed extensively in a recent review (Grech et al., 2017)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe how in silico approaches will further increase our ability to predict and model the most relevant pharmacokinetic, metabolic and toxicity endpoints, thereby accelerating the drug discovery process.
Abstract: Following studies in the late 1990s that indicated that poor pharmacokinetics and toxicity were important causes of costly late-stage failures in drug development, it has become widely appreciated that these areas should be considered as early as possible in the drug discovery process. However, in recent years, combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening have significantly increased the number of compounds for which early data on absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and toxicity (T) are needed, which has in turn driven the development of a variety of medium and high-throughput in vitro ADMET screens. Here, we describe how in silico approaches will further increase our ability to predict and model the most relevant pharmacokinetic, metabolic and toxicity endpoints, thereby accelerating the drug discovery process.
1,330 citations
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TL;DR: In silico approaches will further increase the ability to predict and model the most relevant pharmacokinetic, metabolic and toxicity endpoints, thereby accelerating the drug discovery process.
Abstract: In the absence of effective vaccines to control herpesvirus infections, nucleosidic antiviral drugs have been the mainstay of clinical treatment since their development in the late 1970s. However, given the drawbacks of these drugs, including the increasing emergence of drug-resistant clinical isolates, new strategies for treating herpesvirus infections are warranted. A range of promising new drugs with novel molecular targets has been developed, but will they cure latent infections?
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TL;DR: The evidence, from both laboratory and field studies, that exposure to steroid hormone mimics may impair reproductive function is reviewed and the weight of evidence for endocrine disruption in wildlife is critically assessed.
Abstract: In recent years, a number of man-made chemicals have been shown to be able to mimic endogenous hormones, and it has been hypothesized that alterations in the normal pattern of reproductive development seen in some populations of wildlife are linked with exposure to these chemicals. Of particular importance are those compounds that mimic estrogens and androgens (and their antagonists), because of their central role in reproductive function. In fact, the evidence showing that such chemicals actually do mimic (or antagonize) the action of hormones in the intact animal is limited. In only a few cases have laboratory studies shown that chemicals that mimic hormones at the molecular level (in vitro) also cause reproductive dysfunction in vivo at environmentally relevant concentrations. In addition, the reported studies on wild populations of animals are limited to a very few animal species and they have often centered on localized 'hot-spots' of chemical discharges. Nevertheless, many of these xenobiotics are persistent and accumulate in the environment, and therefore a more widespread phenomenon of endocrine disruption in wildlife is possible. This article reviews the evidence, from both laboratory and field studies, that exposure to steroid hormone mimics may impair reproductive function and critically assesses the weight of evidence for endocrine disruption in wildlife.
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