Toxicological profile for selenium
01 Sep 2003-
TL;DR: This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile for selenium and is a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance.
Abstract: SELENIUM ii DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. A Toxicological Profile for selenium, Draft for Public Comment was released in September, 2001. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance. Each profile reflects a comprehensive and extensive evaluation, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic and epidemiologic information on a substance. Health care providers treating patients potentially exposed to hazardous substances will find the following information helpful for fast answers to often-asked questions. Chapter 1: Public Health Statement: The Public Health Statement can be a useful tool for educating patients about possible exposure to a hazardous substance. It explains a substance's relevant toxicologic properties in a nontechnical, question-and-answer format, and it includes a review of the general health effects observed following exposure. Chapter 3: Health Effects: Specific health effects of a given hazardous compound are reported by type of health effect (death, systemic, immunologic, reproductive), by route of exposure, and by length of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic). In addition, both human and animal studies are reported in this section. NOTE: Not all health effects reported in this section are necessarily observed in the clinical setting. Please refer to the Public Health Statement to identify general health effects observed following exposure. The following additional material can be ordered through the ATSDR Information Center: Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Taking an Exposure History—The importance of taking an exposure history and how to conduct one are described, and an example of a thorough exposure history is provided. Other case studies of interest include Reproductive and Developmental Hazards; Skin Lesions and Environmental Exposures; Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticide Toxicity; and numerous chemical-specific case studies. SELENIUM viii Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents is a three-volume set of recommendations for on-scene (prehospital) and hospital medical management of patients exposed during a hazardous materials incident. Volumes I and II are planning guides to assist first responders and hospital emergency department personnel in planning for incidents that involve hazardous materials. Volume III— Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures—is a guide for health care professionals treating patients …
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TL;DR: This review summarizes the most recent findings on the biochemistry of active selenium species in humans, and addresses the latest evidence on the link betweenselenium intake, selenoproteins functionality and beneficial health effects.
Abstract: Despite its very low level in humans, selenium plays an important and unique role among the (semi)metal trace essential elements because it is the only one for which incorporation into proteins is genetically encoded, as the constitutive part of the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine. Twenty-five selenoproteins have been identified so far in the human proteome. The biological functions of some of them are still unknown, whereas for others there is evidence for a role in antioxidant defence, redox state regulation and a wide variety of specific metabolic pathways. In relation to these functions, the selenoproteins emerged in recent years as possible biomarkers of several diseases such as diabetes and several forms of cancer. Comprehension of the selenium biochemical pathways under normal physiological conditions is therefore an important requisite to elucidate its preventing/therapeutic effect for human diseases. This review summarizes the most recent findings on the biochemistry of active selenium species in humans, and addresses the latest evidence on the link between selenium intake, selenoproteins functionality and beneficial health effects. Primary emphasis is given to the interpretation of biochemical mechanisms rather than epidemiological/observational data. In this context, the review includes the following sections: (1) brief introduction; (2) general nutritional aspects of selenium; (3) global view of selenium metabolic routes; (4) detailed characterization of all human selenoproteins; (5) detailed discussion of the relation between selenoproteins and a variety of human diseases.
544 citations
TL;DR: This review presents current knowledge of selenium's role in environmental sciences and outlines potentially feasible treatment options targeting a variety of Selenium contaminated waste streams.
341 citations
TL;DR: Overall, the evidence currently available appears to support an inverse association between selenium exposure and prostate cancer risk, and possibly also a reduction in risk with respect to lung cancer, although additional prospective studies are needed.
Abstract: Worldwide, there are more than 10 million new cancer cases each year, and cancer is the cause of approximately 12% of all deaths. Given this, a large number of epidemiologic studies have been undertaken to identify potential risk factors for cancer, amongst which the association with trace elements has received considerable attention. Trace elements, such as selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, and nickel, are found naturally in the environment, and human exposure derives from a variety of sources, including air, drinking water, and food. Trace elements are of particular interest given that the levels of exposure to them are potentially modifiable. In this review, we focus largely on the association between each of the trace elements noted above and risk of cancers of the lung, breast, colorectum, prostate, urinary bladder, and stomach. Overall, the evidence currently available appears to support an inverse association between selenium exposure and prostate cancer risk, and possibly also a reduction in risk with respect to lung cancer, although additional prospective studies are needed. There is also limited evidence for an inverse association between zinc and breast cancer, and again, prospective studies are needed to confirm this. Most studies have reported no association between selenium and risk of breast, colorectal, and stomach cancer, and between zinc and prostate cancer risk. There is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between arsenic and risk of both lung and bladder cancers, and between cadmium and lung cancer risk.
305 citations
TL;DR: These findings represent the first human evidence for an inverse association between Mo and semen quality and are consistent with animal data, but additional human and mechanistic studies are needed.
Abstract: BackgroundEvidence on human semen quality as it relates to exposure to various metals, both essential (e.g., zinc, copper) and nonessential (e.g., cadmium, lead), is inconsistent. Most studies to d...
254 citations
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TL;DR: The main effects of arsenic and selenium on human and animal health, their abundance and distribution in the environment, sampling and analysis, and the main factors controlling their speciation and cycling are discussed in this article.
Abstract: This chapter outlines the main effects of arsenic and selenium on human and animal health, their abundance and distribution in the environment, sampling and analysis, and the main factors controlling their speciation and cycling. Such information should help identify aquifers, water resources and soils at risk from high concentrations of arsenic and selenium, and areas of selenium deficiency. Human activity has had, and is likely to continue to have, a major role in releasing arsenic and selenium from the geosphere and in perturbing the natural distribution of these and other elements over the Earth's surface.
221 citations
References
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Book•
07 Nov 1970
12,695 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: The Biosphere The Anthroposphere Soils and Soil Processes Weathering Processes Pedogenic Processes Soil Constituents Trace Elements Minerals Organic Matter Organisms in Soils Trace Elements in Plants.
Abstract: Chapter 1 The Biosphere Chapter 2 The Anthroposphere Introduction Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil Plants Chapter 3 Soils and Soil Processes Introduction Weathering Processes Pedogenic Processes Chapter 4 Soil Constituents Introduction Trace Elements Minerals Organic Matter Organisms in Soils Chapter 5 Trace Elements in Plants Introduction Absorption Translocation Availability Essentiality and Deficiency Toxicity and Tolerance Speciation Interaction Chapter 6 Elements of Group 1 (Previously Group Ia) Introduction Lithium Rubidium Cesium Chapter 7 Elements of Group 2 (Previously Group IIa) Beryllium Strontium Barium Radium Chapter 8 Elements of Group 3 (Previously Group IIIb) Scandium Yttrium Lanthanides Actinides Chapter 9 Elements of Group 4 (Previously Group IVb) Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Chapter 10 Elements of Group 5 (Previously Group Vb) Vanadium Niobium Tantalum Chapter 11 Elements of Group 6 (Previously Group VIb) Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten Chapter 12 Elements of Group 7 (Previously Group VIIb) Manganese Technetium Rhenium Chapter 13 Elements of Group 8 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Iron Ruthenium Osmium Chapter 14 Elements of Group 9 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Cobalt Rhodium Iridium Chapter 15 Elements of Group 10 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Nickel Palladium Platinum Chapter 16 Elements of Group 11 (Previously Group Ib) Copper Silver Gold Chapter 17 Trace Elements of Group 12 (Previously of Group IIb) Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chapter 18 Elements of Group 13 (Previously Group IIIa) Boron Aluminum Gallium Indium Thallium Chapter 19 Elements of Group I4 (Previously Group IVa) Silicon Germanium Tin Lead Chapter 20 Elements of Group 15 (Previously Group Va) Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Chapter 21 Elements of Group 16 (Previously Group VIa) Selenium Tellurium Polonium Chapter 22 Elements of Group 17 (Previously Group VIIa) Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine
9,739 citations
01 Jan 2001
4,511 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The Merck Index as discussed by the authors is a one-volume encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals that contains more than 10,000 monographs, each monograph is a concise description of a single substance or a small group of closely related compounds.
Abstract: The Merck Index is a one-volume encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals that contains more than 10,000 monographs. Each monograph in this authoritative reference source is a concise description of a single substance or a small group of closely related compounds. Compounds included: * human and veterinary drugs * biotech drugs and monoclonal antibodies * substances used for medical imaging * biologicals and natural products * plants and traditional medicines * nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals * agriculturals, pesticides and herbicides * Organic chemicals used in research * Food additives and supplements * dyes, colors and indicators * environmentally significant substances Information provided: * chemical, common and generic names * Over 15,000 trademarks and associated companies * CAS Registry Numbers for over 12,000 compounds * Over 8,500 chemical structures * molecular formulae, weights and percentage composition * capsule statements identifying compound classes and scientific significance * scientific and patent literature references * physical and toxicity data * therapeutic and commercial uses * caution and hazard information In addition, there are more than 700 new and completely revised monographs, thousands of new references, trademarks and uses added to existing monographs. Now includes a companion CD-ROM which features 989 monographs no longer available in print, organic name reactions, supplemental tables and a new user interface for user-friendly searching. Features of the CD: * Searchable by keywords, references, and numerical properties * Search the complete contents of the 14th edition, plus nearly a thousand monographs archived from previous editions * Comes with a free one-year subscription to the Merck Index Internet Edition * Windows-compatible CD powered by CambridgeSoft's ChemFinder * Extensively revised supplemental tables now including acronyms, vaccines, and physical constants * More than 70 pages of hard to find information in one easy-to-use place
4,478 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of residues in foods, including poisons, poisons and feed additives in animal tissues, as well as their applications in food processing and in the field of agriculture.
Abstract: Agricultural liming materials. Fertilisers. Plants. Disinfectants. Hazardous substances. Pesticide formulations. Animal feed. Baking powders and baking chemicals. Beverages-distilled liquors. Beverages-malt beverages and brewing materials. Beverages-wines. Beverages-nonalcoholic and concentrates. Cacao bean and its products. Cereal foods. Coffee and tea. Dairy products. Eggs and egg products. Fish and other marine products. Flavors. Food additives-direct. Food additives-indirect. Fruits and fruit products. Gelatin, dessert preparations, and mixes. Meat and meat products. Metals and other elements as residues in foods. Natural poisons. Nuts and nut products. Oils and fats. Pesticide residues. Spices and other condiments. Sugar and sugar products. Vegetable products, processed. Waters, mineral and salt. Color additives. Cosmetics. Drugs. Drugs and feed additives in animal tissues. Drugs in feeds. Vitamins and other nutrients. Extrancous materials-isolation. Microbiological methods. Microchemical methods. Radioactivity. Spectroscopic methods. Standard solutions and materials. Laboratory safety.
4,110 citations