Trace compounds of biogas from different biogas production plants.
TL;DR: In this paper, the composition and variation in three different biogas production plants were studied to provide information pertaining to its potential use as biofuel, and the results showed that the biogases in the different production plants varied, especially in trace compound content.
About: This article is published in Energy.The article was published on 2007-08-01. It has received 603 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biogas & Landfill gas.
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TL;DR: Current optimisation techniques associated with anaerobic digestion are reviewed and possible areas where improvements could be made are suggested, including the basic design considerations of a single or multi-stage reactor configuration, the type, power and duration of the mixing regime and the retention of active microbial biomass within the reactor.
1,383 citations
Cites background from "Trace compounds of biogas from diff..."
...36–41% carbon dioxide, up to 17% nitrogen, <1% oxygen, 32–169 ppm hydrogen sulphide, and traces of other gases (Rasi et al., 2007)....
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...Once produced, biogas is generally composed of ca. 48–65% methane, ca. 36–41% carbon dioxide, up to 17% nitrogen, 1% oxygen, 32–169 ppm hydrogen sulphide, and traces of other gases (Rasi et al., 2007)....
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TL;DR: The ability of these CO2 consuming microalgae to purify biogas and concentrate methane is discussed, and anaerobic digestion of the whole biomass appears to be the optimal strategy on an energy balance basis for the energetic recovery of cell biomass.
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TL;DR: It is envisaged that anaerobic digestion of food waste could be combined with an existing AD facility or be integrated with the production of value-added products to reduce costs and increase revenue.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors systematically review the state of the art of biogas upgrading technologies with upgrading efficiency, methane (CH 4 ) loss, environmental effect, development and commercialization, and challenges in terms of energy consumption and economic assessment.
477 citations
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788 citations
TL;DR: The trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in landfill gas were examined at seven U.K. waste disposal facilities and over 140 compounds were identified, of which more than 90 were common to all seven sites.
Abstract: The trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in landfill gas were examined at seven U.K. waste disposal facilities. Over 140 compounds were identified, of which more than 90 were common to all seven sites. The groups of compounds and concentrations observed were alkanes, 302−1543 mg m-3; aromatic compounds, 94−1906 mg m-3; cycloalkanes, 80−487 mg m-3; terpenes, 35−652 mg m-3; alcohols and ketones, 2−2069 mg m-3; and halogenated compounds, 327−1239 mg m-3. The observed variations in landfill gas composition were largely attributed to differ ences in the waste composition and the stage reached in the decomposition processes at each of the sites. Three sites were found to have total chlorine concentrations, derived from the organochlorine compounds in the gas, of above 250 mg m-3. Chlorine contents of this level were considered to be potentially damaging to landfill gas fueled engines used for electricity generation. Chloroethene (>0.1−87 mg m-3) was identified as the most abundant toxic component. Chloroethe...
279 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new technique for sampling, identification, and quantification of siloxanes and volatile organic carbon (VOC) in landfill gas and sewage gas is presented, after sample collection using evacuated stainless steel canisters biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/atomic emission spectroscopy.
Abstract: Biogases such as landfill gas and sewage gas undergo a combustion process which is generating electric energy. Since several trace compounds such as siloxanes (also halogenated and sulfur compounds) are known to cause severe problems to these gas combustion engines, they are of particular interest. In this work, a new technique for sampling, identification, and quantification of siloxanes and volatile organic carbon (VOC) in landfill gas and sewage gas is presented. After sample collection using evacuated stainless steel canisters biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/atomic emission spectroscopy (GC-MS/AES). Using gas canisters, the sampling process was simplified (no vacuum pump needed), and multiple analysis was possible. The simultaneous application of MSD and AED allowed a rapid screening of silicon compounds in the complex biogases. Individual substances were identified independently both by MSD analysis and by determination of their elemental constitution. Quantification of tr...
217 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the average total nonmethane organic compound (NMOC) value for the Fresh Kills landfill was 438 ppmv (as hexane) versus the regulatory default value of 4000 ppmv( as hexane). Over 70 individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected and quantified in the landfill gas samples.
Abstract: The most common disposal method in the United States for municipal solid waste (MSW) is burial in landfills. Until recently, air emissions from these landfills were not regulated. Under the New Source Performance Standards and Emission Guidelines for MSW landfills, MSW operators are required to determine the nonmethane organic gas generation rate of their landfill through modeling and/or measurements. This paper summarizes speciated nonmethane organic compound (NMOC) measurement data collected during an intensive, short-term field program. Over 250 separate landfill gas samples were collected from emission sources at the Fresh Kills landfill in New York City and analyzed for approximately 150 different analytes. The average total NMOC value for the landfill was 438 ppmv (as hexane) versus the regulatory default value of 4000 ppmv (as hexane). Over 70 individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected and quantified in the landfill gas samples. The typical gas composition for this landfill was dete...
170 citations
TL;DR: Mass balance calculations using the maximal oxidation rates obtained demonstrated that landfill soil covers have a significant potential for not only methane oxidation but also cometabolic degradation of selected volatile organics, thereby reducing emissions to the atmosphere.
Abstract: The potential for natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in landfill covers was investigated in soil microcosms incubated with methane and air, simulating the gas composition in landfill soil covers. Soil was sampled at Skellingsted Landfill at a location emitting methane. In total, 26 VOCs were investigated, including chlorinated methanes, ethanes, ethenes, fluorinated hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The soil showed a high capacity for methane oxidation resulting in very high oxidation rates of between 24 and 112 microg CH4 g(-1) h(-1). All lower chlorinated compounds were shown degradable, and the degradation occurred in parallel with the oxidation of methane. In general, the degradation rates of the chlorinated aliphatics were inversely related to the chlorine to carbon ratios. For example, in batch experiments with chlorinated ethylenes, the highest rates were observed for vinyl chloride (VC) and lowest rates for trichloroethylene (TCE), while tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was not degraded. Maximal oxidation rates for the halogenated aliphatic compounds varied between 0.03 and 1.7 microg g(-1) h(-1). Fully halogenated hydrocarbons (PCE, tetrachloromethane [TeCM], chlorofluorocarbon [CFC]-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113) were not degraded in the presence of methane and oxygen. Aromatic hydrocarbons were rapidly degraded giving high maximal oxidation rates (0.17-1.4 microg g(-1) h(-1)). The capacity for methane oxidation was related to the depth of oxygen penetration. The methane oxidizers were very active in oxidizing methane and the selected trace components down to a depth of 50 cm below the surface. Maximal oxidation activity occurred in a zone between 15 and 20 cm below the surface, as this depth allowed sufficient supply of both methane and oxygen. Mass balance calculations using the maximal oxidation rates obtained demonstrated that landfill soil covers have a significant potential for not only methane oxidation but also cometabolic degradation of selected volatile organics, thereby reducing emissions to the atmosphere.
145 citations