Q2. What are the future works mentioned in the paper "Transferring biodiversity-ecosystem function research to the management of `real-world ecosystems" ?
Similarly, understanding of how spatial biodiversity dynamics affect functions and the services they underpin needs to be extended to taxa involved in services other than pest control and pollination ( Table 1 ). In some cases, there may be trade-offs between services, e. g., if the conditions that maximize the diversity of one taxa do not favour another ( van der Plas et al., 2019 ). Accordingly, key considerations in applied BEF research are to acknowledge when research is fundamental or applied, and to clarify when services, rather than functions, are being considered, thus making it transparent which ser- vices and functions are focal and why, and acknowledging which stake- holder groups may benefit. How- ever, if the potential for BEF research to address global challenges is to be fully realized, future BEF must also be transdisciplinary, and include the main stakeholders of the ecosystem collaboratively from their inception.
Q3. Why are clus-ter B studies a good choice?
Because they are conducted in unmanipulated real-world ecosystems, clus-ter B results are directly transferable to semi-natural ecosystems, which expe-rience species loss and compositional change due to global environmentalchange.
Q4. What are the main aspects of biodiversity in semi-natural ecosystems?
In semi-natural ecosystems the promotion ofthe biodiversity components underpinning ecosystem services are mostlikely to be achieved via management options that are simple and effectiveover large areas, and so the practices that would promote the desired facets ofbiodiversity, e.g., mowing or the introduction of selective grazers, may needto be identified.
Q5. What is the role of multifunctionality in landscapes?
To consider landscape multifunctionality and its dependence on biodi-versity, multiple ecosystem services need to be scaled up in space and time,which is challenging.
Q6. What are the benefits of biodiversity in the landscape?
These include the spatial processes that maintain diversity, the matchingbetween species and environmental conditions in which they perform well(Leibold et al., 2017;Mori et al., 2018), and the potential for different speciesto provide different functions and services in different patches of the land-scape, thus boosting landscape multifunctionality (van der Plas et al., 2016;van der Plas et al., 2019).
Q7. What could be used to make predictions of the impacts of drivers on biodiversity?
To do this, manipula-tions such as the manipulation of dominance and functional composition,trait dissimilarity, or other aspects of biodiversity could be employed(Cross and Harte, 2007; Manning et al., 2006; Smith and Knapp, 2003).
Q8. What is the common type of BEF experiment?
For instance,the species composition in BEF experiments is randomly assembled and theyare usually performed in unfertilized, pesticide-free, unirrigated systems.
Q9. What are the main clusters of studies that focus on biodiversity?
Within this cluster, the authors also place remote sensing studies (e.g. Oehri et al.,2017) and national and regional correlational studies (e.g. Anderson et al.,2009).
Q10. What is the main reason for the adoption of Swiss grassland?
The authors postulate that this adoption is likely to be attributable to a range of factors including: a strong cultural valuation of grassland, a clearmandate of agriculture to manage sustainably (in Swiss Constitution, article 104), generous agrienvironment compensation schemes for many grassland types, and a strong focus on applied grassland research that has investigated which mixtures work over different time horizons (e.g. annual to permanent) and environmental conditions (moisture and elevational gradients) (e.g. Suter et al., 2015).
Q11. What is the role of biodiversity in landscape multifunctionality?
To understand biodiversity-landscape multifunctionality relationships, agreater knowledge of which aspects of diversity underpin different ecosys-tem services is also required.
Q12. What could be used to make predictions of the impacts of drivers on ecosystem services?
These could include a wider range of non-random extinction scenarios,assessments of the relative importance of abiotic drivers of function and bio-diversity (e.g. Isbell et al., 2013; Manning et al., 2006), and the reduction ofdiversity from high to intermediate levels (Zobel et al., 1994), in order toverify, or refute the results of observational studies.