Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling in cardiac remodeling.
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1,266 citations
Cites background from "Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ..."
...cells and the time course of its upregulation after MI, TGFβ1 may serve as the master switch regulating the transition from inflammation to fibrosis.(199) Neutralization experiments...
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1,092 citations
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...Perhaps the best-characterized fibrogenic growth factor [221], TGF-β is markedly and consistently activated in experimental models of cardiac fibrosis [222] and in fibrotic human hearts [223, 224]....
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1,033 citations
857 citations
Cites background from "Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ..."
...Because the Smad3 pathway appears to play an essential role in TGF-bmediated fibrosis, Smad3 inhibition through the administration of endogenous inhibitors (such as Smad7), or through the use of small molecule inhibitors (such as halofuginone) may hold promise....
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...TGF-b induces the expression of CTGF via a functional Smad3 binding site in the CTGF promoter, which in turn stimulates myofibroblast differentiation and collagen synthesis (Duncan et al. 1999)....
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...Activation of the Smad3 signaling pathway appears to be important in mediating TGF-b-induced ECM protein synthesis and TIMP upregulation (Verrecchia et al. 2001)....
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...TGF-b potently stimulates type I collagen gene transcription in a Smad3dependent manner....
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...Moreover, Smad3 null mice exhibit attenuated fibrosis in a wide range of experimental models....
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574 citations
Cites background from "Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ..."
...TGF-β is probably the best-characterized pro-fibrotic growth factor (Dobaczewski et al. 2011; Kong et al. 2014)....
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...Additionally, TGF-β is synthesized and secreted by platelets, leukocytes, and fibroblasts in the infarcted myocardium (Dobaczewski et al. 2011)....
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References
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"Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ..." refers background in this paper
...proteins [13]; Smad2 and Smad3 are activated through phosphorylation by ALK5, whereas Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8 are activated by...
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4,690 citations
2,469 citations
"Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ..." refers background in this paper
...activation of a molecule that has a primary role in maintaining matrix integrity and stability [2,6,7]....
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2,154 citations
"Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ..." refers background in this paper
...TGF-β stimulation induces myofibroblast differentiation [31] and enhances extracellular matrix protein synthesis....
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2,147 citations
"Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ..." refers background in this paper
...In addition, TGF-β is a potent inducer of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a fibrogenic mediator that acts in concert with TGF-β to promote persistent fibrosis [32]....
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