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Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development

TL;DR: The Search for the Codable Moment A way of Seeing Developing Themes and Codes Deciding on Units of Analysis and Units of Coding as Issues of Sampling
Abstract: The Search for the Codable Moment A Way of Seeing Developing Themes and Codes Deciding on Units of Analysis and Units of Coding as Issues of Sampling Developing Themes and a Code Using the Inductive Method An Example Using Life Stories Developing Themes Using the Theory-Driven and Prior-Research-Driven Method and Then Applying the Code An Example Using a Critical Incident Interview Scoring, Scaling and Clustering Themes Reliability Is Consistency of Judgment Don't Go Breaking My Heart Challenges in Using Thematic Analysis
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology as mentioned in this paper, and it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data.
Abstract: Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines to those wanting to start thematic analysis, or conduct it in a more deliberate and rigorous way, and consider potential pitfalls in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, we outline the disadvantages and advantages of thematic analysis. We conclude by advocating thematic analysis as a useful and flexible method for qualitative research in and beyond psychology.

103,789 citations


Cites background or methods from "Transforming Qualitative Informatio..."

  • ...The definition by Boyatzis (1998) of latent and manifest is somewhat narrower than our identification of latent and semantic, and he identifies thematic analysis as incorporating both latent and manifest aspects....

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  • ...Thematic analysis is widely used, but there is no clear agreement about what thematic analysis is and how you go about doing it (see Attride-Stirling, 2001; Boyatzis, 1998; Tuckett, 2005, for other examples)....

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  • ...Codes identify a feature of the data (semantic content or latent) that appears interesting to the analyst, and refer to ‘the most basic segment, or element, of the raw data or information that can be assessed in a meaningful way regarding the phenomenon’ (Boyatzis, 1998: 63)....

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  • ...Indeed, Holloway and Todres (2003: 347) identify ‘thematizing meanings’ as one of a few shared generic skills across qualitative analysis.2 For this reason, Boyatzis (1998) characterizes it, not as a specific method, but as a tool to use across different methods....

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  • .../101 Key words: epistemology; flexibility; patterns; qualitative psychology; thematic analysis Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated and rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method (Boyatzis, 1998; Roulston, 2001) within and beyond psychology....

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Book
05 Mar 2009
TL;DR: This chapter discusses writing Analytic Memos About Narrative and Visual Data and exercises for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skill Development.
Abstract: An Introduction to Codes and Coding Chapter Summary Purposes of the Manual What Is a Code? Codifying and Categorizing What Gets Coded? The Mechanics of Coding The Numbers of Codes Manual and CAQDAS Coding Solo and Team Coding Necessary Personal Attributes for Coding On Method Writing Analytic Memos Chapter Summary The Purposes of Analytic Memo-Writing What Is an Analytic Memo? Examples of Analytic Memos Coding and Categorizing Analytic Memos Grounded Theory and Its Coding Canon Analytic Memos on Visual Data First-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Coding Cycles Selecting the Appropriate Coding Method(s) Overview of First-Cycle Coding Methods The Coding Methods Profiles Grammatical Methods Elemental Methods Affective Methods Literary and Language Methods Exploratory Methods Forms for Additional First-Cycle Coding Methods Theming the Data Procedural Methods After First-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding Transitions Eclectic Coding Code Mapping and Landscaping Operational Model Diagramming Additional Transition Methods Transitioning to Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Goals of Second-Cycle Methods Overview of Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Forms for Additional Second-Cycle Coding Methods After Second-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding and Pre-Writing Transitions Focusing Strategies From Coding to Theorizing Formatting Matters Writing about Coding Ordering and Re-Ordering Assistance from Others Closure Appendix A: A Glossary of Coding Methods Appendix B: A Glossary of Analytic Recommendations Appendix C: Field Note, Interview Transcript and Document Samples for Coding Appendix D: Exercises and Activities for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skill Development References Index

22,890 citations


Cites background from "Transforming Qualitative Informatio..."

  • ..., 2008; Northcutt & McCoy, 2004; Paulston, 2000; Wheeldon & Åhlberg, 2012) • interactive qualitative analysis (Northcutt & McCoy, 2004) • logic models (Knowlton & Phillips, 2009; Yin, 2009) • longitudinal qualitative research (Giele & Elder, 1998; McLeod & Thomson, 2009; Saldaña, 2003, 2008) • memo writing about the codes/themes (Charmaz, 2006; Corbin & Strauss, 2008; Glaser, 1978; Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Strauss, 1987) • mixed methods research (Creswell, 2009; Creswell & Plano Clark, 2011; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003) • political analysis (Hatch, 2002) • polyvocal analysis (Hatch, 2002) • qualitative evaluation research (Patton, 2002, 2008) • situational analysis (Clarke, 2005) • splitting, splicing, and linking data (Dey, 1993) • thematic analysis (Auerbach & Silverstein, 2003; Boyatzis, 1998; Smith & Osborn, 2008) • within-case and cross-case displays (Gibbs, 2007; Miles & Huberman, 1994; Shkedi, 2005)...

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  • ..., 2011) • poetic and dramatic writing (Denzin, 1997, 2003; Glesne, 2011; Knowles & Cole, 2008; Leavy, 2009; Saldaña, 2005a, 2011a) • polyvocal analysis (Hatch, 2002) • portraiture (Lawrence-Lightfoot & Davis, 1997) • thematic analysis (Auerbach & Silverstein, 2003; Boyatzis, 1998; Smith & Osborn, 2008) • vignette writing (Erickson, 1986; Graue & Walsh, 1998)...

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  • ...In addition to coding with words and short phrases, never overlook the opportunity to “pre-code” (Layder, 1998) by circling, highlighting, bolding, underlining, or coloring rich or significant participant quotes or passages that strike you – those “codable moments” worthy of attention (Boyatzis, 1998)....

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  • ...100 THE CODING MANUAL FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCHERS • memo writing about the codes/themes (Charmaz, 2006; Corbin & Strauss, 2008; Glaser, 1978; Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Strauss, 1987) • splitting, splicing, and linking data (Dey, 1993) • thematic analysis (Auerbach & Silverstein, 2003; Boyatzis, 1998; Smith & Osborn, 2008) • vignette writing (Erickson, 1986; Graue & Walsh, 1998)...

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  • ..., 2008; Northcutt & McCoy, 2004; Paulston, 2000; Wheeldon & Åhlberg, 2012) • interrelationship (Saldaña, 2003) • quick ethnography (Handwerker, 2001) • splitting, splicing, and linking data (Dey, 1993) • survey research (Fowler, 2001; Wilkinson & Birmingham, 2003) • thematic analysis (Auerbach & Silverstein, 2003; Boyatzis, 1998; Smith & Osborn, 2008) • within-case and cross-case displays (Gibbs, 2007; Miles & Huberman, 1994; Shkedi, 2005)...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article used a hybrid process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis to interpret raw data in a doctoral study on the role of performance feedback in the self-assessment of nursing practice.
Abstract: In this article, the authors describe how they used a hybrid process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis to interpret raw data in a doctoral study on the role of performance feedback in the self-assessment of nursing practice. The methodological approach integrated data-driven codes with theory-driven ones based on the tenets of social phenomenology. The authors present a detailed exemplar of the staged process of data coding and identification of themes. This process demonstrates how analysis of the raw data from interview transcripts and organizational documents progressed toward the identification of overarching themes that captured the phenomenon of performance feedback as described by participants in the study.

7,521 citations


Cites background or methods from "Transforming Qualitative Informatio..."

  • ...For this study, codes were written with reference to Boyatzis (1998) and identified by 1. the code label or name, 2. the definition of what the theme concerns, and 3. a description of how to know when the theme occurs....

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  • ...In the study reported here, the method of analysis used the data-driven inductive approach of Boyatzis (1998) and the deductive a priori template of codes approach outlined by Crabtree and Miller (1999) to reach the second level of interpretive understanding....

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  • ...For this study, codes were written with reference to Boyatzis (1998) and identified by...

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  • ...In addition to the inductive approach of Boyatzis (1998), in our analysis of the text in this study, we also used a template approach, as outlined by Crabtree and Miller (1999)....

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  • ...In addition to the inductive approach of Boyatzis (1998), in our analysis of the text in this study, we also used a template approach, as outlined by Crabtree and Miller (1999). This involved a template in the form of codes from a codebook to be applied as a means of organizing text for subsequent interpretation....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an Ansatz systematischer, regelgeleiteter qualitativer Analyse von Text, der methodische Starken der quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse teilweise ubernimmt and zu einem qualITativ orientierten Instrumentarium ausweitet.
Abstract: Der Beitrag beschreibt einen Ansatz systematischer, regelgeleiteter qualitativer Analyse von Text, der methodische Starken der quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse teilweise ubernimmt und zu einem qualitativ orientierten Instrumentarium ausweitet. Dazu werden historische Entwicklungslinien der Inhaltsanalyse aufgezeigt und die Grundlagen der Technik (Analyseeinheiten, Schrittmodelle, Arbeiten mit Kategoriensystemen, Gutekriterien) expliziert. Schlieslich werden an Techniken Qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse die induktive Kategorienentwicklung und die deduktive Kategorienanwendung naher dargestellt. Es wird gezeigt, wo Computerprogramme diese qualitativen Analyseschritte unterstutzen konnen, es werden Ansatzpunkte quantitativer Auswertungsschritte festgemacht und abschliesend die Moglichkeiten und Grenzen des Ansatzes diskutiert. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0002204

4,204 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Since initially writing on thematic analysis in 2006, the popularity of the method as mentioned in this paper has exploded, the variety of TA approaches have expanded, and, not least, our thinking has developed a...
Abstract: Since initially writing on thematic analysis in 2006, the popularity of the method we outlined has exploded, the variety of TA approaches have expanded, and, not least, our thinking has developed a...

3,907 citations


Cites methods from "Transforming Qualitative Informatio..."

  • ...…captured the open, exploratory, flexible and iterative nature of the approach we outlined, compared to the more structured approaches to coding and theme development associated with (post-)positivist coding reliability approaches (like those of Boyatzis 1998,; Guest, MacQueen, and Namey 2012)....

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  • ...Most existing TA approaches, like that expressed by US psychologist Richard Boyatzis (1998) in his book Transforming qualitative information, did not – from our perspective as terrors – quite ‘get it’: to us, then, ‘proper’ qualitative research dare not contain even a whiff of positivism....

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