Transition of somatic plant cells to an embryogenic state

doi:10.1023/A:1024033216561

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Transition of somatic plant cells to an embryogenic state

Journal Article•DOI•

Transition of somatic plant cells to an embryogenic state

Attila Fehér¹, Taras Pasternak¹, Dénes Dudits¹•Institutions (1)

Hungarian Academy of Sciences¹

01 Sep 2003-Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (Kluwer Academic Publishers)-Vol. 74, Iss: 3, pp 201-228

TL;DR: This review summarizes relevant experimental observations that can contribute to the description and definition of a transitional state of somatic cells induced to form totipotent, embryogenic cells.

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Abstract: Under appropriate in vivo or in vitro conditions, certain somatic plant cells have the capability to initiate embryogenic development (somatic embryogenesis). Somatic embryogenesis provides an unique experimental model to understand the molecular and cellular bases of developmental plasticity in plants. In the last few years, the application of modern experimental techniques, as well as the characterization of Arabidopsis embryogenesis mutants, have resulted in the accumulation of novel data about the acquisition of embryogenic capabilities by somatic plant cells. In this review, we summarize relevant experimental observations that can contribute to the description and definition of a transitional state of somatic cells induced to form totipotent, embryogenic cells. During this somatic-to-embryogenic transition, cells have to dedifferentiate, activate their cell division cycle and reorganize their physiology, metabolism and gene expression patterns. The roles of stress, endogenous growth regulators and chromatin remodelling in the coordinated reorganization of the cellular state are especially emphasized.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Involvement of plant hormones and plant growth regulators on in vitro somatic embryogenesis

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Víctor M. Jiménez¹•Institutions (1)

University of Costa Rica¹

26 Jun 2005-Plant Growth Regulation

TL;DR: Recent progress achieved on understanding the interaction between exogenously added plant growth regulators over the concentration of endogenous hormones, together with the involvement of sensitivity of the tissues to particular hormone groups, might help clarifying the occurrence of divergent patterns in somatic embryogenesis, and in tissue culture in general.

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Abstract: In spite of the importance attained by somatic embryogenesis and of the many studies that have been conducted on this developmental process, there are still many aspects that are not fully understood. Among those features, the involvement of plant hormones and plant growth regulators on deTermining the conversion of somatic onto embryogenic tissues, and on allowing progression and maturation of somatic embryos, are far away from being completely comprehended. Part of these difficulties relies on the frequent appearance of contradictory results when studying the effect of a particular stimulus over a specific stage in somatic embryogenesis. Recent progress achieved on understanding the interaction between exogenously added plant growth regulators over the concentration of endogenous hormones, together with the involvement of sensitivity of the tissues to particular hormone groups, might help clarifying the occurrence of divergent patterns in somatic embryogenesis, and in tissue culture in general. The aspects described above, emphasizing on the effect of the concentration of plant hormones and of the addition of plant growth regulators during the different phases of somatic embryogenesis, will be reviewed in this paper. Citations will be limited to review articles as much as possible and to individual articles only in those cases in which very specific or recent information is presented.

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396 citations

Cites background from "Transition of somatic plant cells t..."

...…majority of the species studied, in which addition of PGRs is necessary to induce SE, auxins and CKs are key factors in the determination of E response, probably because they strongly participate in cell cycle regulation and cell division (Francis and Sorrell 2001; Fehér et al. 2003; Gaj 2004)....
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...D appears to act as an effective stressor, being one of the triggers of E development in cultured plant cells (reviewed by Fehér et al. 2003)....
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...Level of endogenous hormones is considered to be one of the crucial factors determining E potential of explants (Fehér et al. 2003; Gaj 2004)....
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...Relationship between endogenous hormone contents in explant tissues and their E competence Level of endogenous hormones is considered to be one of the crucial factors determining E potential of explants (Fehér et al. 2003; Gaj 2004)....
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...Evidence from these and other experiments suggests that temporal and spatial changes in endogenous auxin levels may be one of the first signals leading to SE (reviewed by Fehér et al. 2003)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Somatic embryogenesis - Stress-induced remodeling of plant cell fate.

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Attila Fehér¹•Institutions (1)

Hungarian Academy of Sciences¹

01 Apr 2015-Biochimica et Biophysica Acta

TL;DR: The present knowledge on chromatin-based mechanisms potentially involved in the somatic-to-embryogenic developmental transition is summarized, emphasizing the potential role of the chromatin to integrate stress, hormonal, and developmental pathways leading to the activation of the embryogenic program.

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352 citations

Cites background from "Transition of somatic plant cells t..."

...variety of culture conditions able to initiate embryo development including various plant hormones and/or stress treatments [16,37]....
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...embryogenic cells is frequently observed in the case of in vitro somatic embryogenesis [11,16], symmetric division is characteristic for embryogenic microspore-derived cells which otherwise would divide asymmetrically in order to differentiate into the cell types of the mature pollen [20]....
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...development can be initiated in vitro from sporophytic [5,16] or gametophytic cells [17,18]....
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...The induction of embryogenesis is strongly associated with stress responses [16,37]....
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...metabolic, genetic, epigenetic and developmental reprogramming of cells [16]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Factors influencing somatic embryogenesis induction and plant regeneration with particular reference to Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh

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Małgorzata D. Gaj¹•Institutions (1)

Silesian University¹

01 May 2004-Plant Growth Regulation

TL;DR: A review of the conditions influencing the induction of embryogenic potential in in vitro cultured plant cells and the problem of the genetic characteristics of regenerants, in terms of their chimerism and somaclonal variation, is discussed in some detail.

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Abstract: The broad applications of somatic embryogenesis, both in basic and applied research, have stimulated studies on the determination of in vitro conditions for the induction of somatic embryos and their conversion into plants. As a result, efficient protocols on SE induction and plant regeneration have recently become available for many plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., a model plant in genetics and embryogenesis. Studies on factors controlling in vitro plant morphogenesis are highly desirable not only for the development of improved regeneration systems, but also for the analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying plant embryogenesis. This review focuses on the conditions influencing the induction of embryogenic potential in in vitro cultured plant cells. The roles of explant type, endo- and exogenous plant growth regulators and stress factors in the induction of somatic embryogenesis are especially emphasized. Possible mechanisms by which different factors induce or modify embryogenic competence in cultured plant cells are also discussed. Since the production of genetically solid and true-to-type plants is desired, especially for transformation and micropropagation practice, the problem of the genetic characteristics of regenerants, in terms of their chimerism and somaclonal variation, is discussed in some detail. Special consideration is given to A. thaliana– a major model plant species for classical genetics and genomics. Recent availability of efficient embryogenic cultures in this organism makes it possible to benefit from advanced genomic research of Arabidopsis to study plant embryogenesis on the molecular level.

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326 citations

Cites background from "Transition of somatic plant cells t..."

...Moreover, interaction between external stimuli and genes determining embryogenic competence, and thus switching on development of embryos in vegetative tissue, have being investigated at the molecular level (for review, Feher et al. 2003)....
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...Examples that 2,4-D brings about different changes in physiology and gene expression of cells implicate its possible role as a stress factor triggering embryogenic pattern of development in cultured plant cells (Feher et al. 2003)....
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...One of the hypothesis on mechanisms involved in stress-induced embryogenesis highlights the importance of the interaction between auxin and stress signalling which results in acquiring of the embryogenic competence of somatic cell by broad cellular reprogramming manifested at different levels (Feher et al. 2003)....
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...…on mechanisms involved in stress-induced embryogenesis highlights the importance of the interaction between auxin and stress signalling which results in acquiring of the embryogenic competence of somatic cell by broad cellular reprogramming manifested at different levels (Feher et al. 2003)....
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...D brings about different changes in physiology and gene expression of cells implicate its possible role as a stress factor triggering embryogenic pattern of development in cultured plant cells (Feher et al. 2003)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

LECs go crazy in embryo development

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Siobhan A. Braybrook¹, John J. Harada¹•Institutions (1)

University of Minnesota¹

01 Dec 2008-Trends in Plant Science

TL;DR: It is proposed that specific target genes activated by the LEC TFs underlie, in part, their roles in the maturation phase and SE, and that the effect of L EC TFs on the balance of abscisic acid to gibberellic acid might link their role in totipotency and thematuration phase.

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290 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Regulation of Somatic Embryogenesis in Higher Plants

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Xiyan Yang¹, Xianlong Zhang¹•Institutions (1)

Huazhong Agricultural University¹

13 Jan 2010-Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

TL;DR: This review provides a systematic and comprehensive analysis of current advances in the development of somatic embryogenesis, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanism of somatics embryogenesis in higher plants.

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Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis is the developmental process by which somatic cells undergo restructuring to generate embryogenic cells. These cells then go through a series of morphological and biochemical changes that result in the formation of a somatic or non-zygotic embryo capable of regenerating plants. Somatic embryogenesis represents a unique developmental pathway that includes a number of characteristic events: dedifferentiation of cells, activation of cell division, and reprogramming of their physiology, metabolism, and gene expression patterns. Valuable studies have elucidated the developmental processes pertaining to the control parameters of somatic embryogenesis. These studies have emphasized the transitional state from somatic to embryogenic cells, identified differentially expressed genes in nonembryogenic and embryogenic calli, isolated varieties of genes that are likely involved in the embryogenic pathway, compared specific gene products that accumulate during different stages of somatic embryogen...

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267 citations

Cites background from "Transition of somatic plant cells t..."

...Polarity within the embryo is established through a precisely controlled cell division pattern of embryogenic cells and elongation of supporting suspensorlike and callus cells (Samaj et al., 1997; Feher et al., 2003)....
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...Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation cascades may link oxidative stress responses to auxin signaling and cell cycle regulation (Hirt, 2000; Feher et al., 2003)....
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...It is believed that analyses of gene expression during somatic embryogenesis can provide information for better understanding of this process (Chugh and Khurana, 2002; Feher et al., 2003; Stasolla et al., 2004)....
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...…are specifically activated or that exhibit differential expression during somatic embryogenesis (Chugh and Khurana, 2002; RojasHerrera et al., 2002; Feher et al., 2003), such as SERK (Schmidt et al., 1997), LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC, Curaba et al., 2004; Gazzarrini et al., 2004; Gaj et al., 2005), BABY…...
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...This work has resulted in the isolation of several genes that are specifically activated or that exhibit differential expression during somatic embryogenesis (Chugh and Khurana, 2002; RojasHerrera et al., 2002; Feher et al., 2003), such as SERK (Schmidt et al....
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References

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Open Access

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Journal Article•DOI•

Inhibitors of the proteasome block the degradation of most cell proteins and the generation of peptides presented on MHC class I molecules

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Kenneth L. Rock¹, Colette F. Gramm¹, Lisa Rothstein¹, Karen Clark¹, Ross L. Stein¹, Lawrence Dick¹, Daniel Hwang, Alfred L. Goldberg¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (1)

Harvard University¹

09 Sep 1994-Cell

TL;DR: Peptide aldehydes that inhibit major peptidase activities of the 20S and 26S proteasomes are shown to reduce the degradation of protein and ubiquitinated protein substrates by 26S particles.

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2,503 citations

"Transition of somatic plant cells t..." refers background in this paper

...The expression of these genes was but also those that serve structural roles and are long independent of HgCl treatment, heat shock, pathogen lived (Rock et al., 1994)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response: cross talk between a family of heat shock factors, molecular chaperones, and negative regulators

[...]

Richard I. Morimoto¹•Institutions (1)

Northwestern University¹

15 Dec 1998-Genes & Development

TL;DR: The protective role of HSPs is a measure of their capacity to assist in the repair of protein damage, through their chaperoning effects on proteins, protect cells from many forms of stress-induced cell damage and could influence the course of disease.

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Abstract: Our cells and tissues are challenged constantly by exposure to extreme conditions that cause acute and chronic stress. Consequently, survival has necessitated the evolution of stress response networks to detect, monitor, and respond to environmental changes (Morimoto et al. 1990, 1994a; Baeuerle 1995; Baeuerle and Baltimore 1996; Feige et al. 1996; Morimoto and Santoro 1998). Prolonged exposure to stress interferes with efficient operations of the cell, with negative consequences on the biochemical properties of proteins that, under ideal conditions, exist in thermodynamically stable states. In stressed environments, proteins can unfold, misfold, or aggregate. Therefore, the changing demands on the quality control of protein biogenesis, challenges protein homeostasis, for which the heat shock response, through the elevated synthesis of molecular chaperones and proteases, repairs protein damage and assists in the recovery of the cell. The inducible transcription of heat shock genes is the response to a plethora of stress signals (Lis and Wu 1993; Morimoto 1993; Wu 1995) (Fig. 1), including (1) environmental stresses, (2) nonstress conditions, and (3) pathophysiology and disease states. Although changes in heat shock protein (HSP) expression are associated with certain diseases (Morimoto et al. 1990), these observations leave open the question of whether this is an adaptation to the particular pathophysiological state, a reflection of the suboptimal cellular environment associated with the disease, or serves to warn other cells and tissues of imminent danger. The protective role of HSPs is a measure of their capacity to assist in the repair of protein damage. Whether in prokaryotes, plants, or animals, overexpression of one or more HSPs is often sufficient to protect cells and tissues against otherwise lethal exposures to diverse environmental stresses including hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants, toxic chemicals, extreme temperatures, and ethanol-induced toxicity (Parsell and Lindquist 1994). In vertebrate tissue culture cells and animal models, elevating HSPs level, either by modulation of the heat shock response or by constitutive overexpression of specific heat shock proteins, restricts or substantially reduces the level of pathology and cell death (Mizzen and Welch 1988; Huot et al. 1991; Jaattela et al. 1992; Parsell and Lindquist 1994; Mestril et al. 1994; Plumier et al. 1995; Marber et al. 1995; Mehlen et al. 1995; Mosser et al. 1997). This has led to the recognition that HSPs, via their chaperoning effects on proteins, protect cells from many forms of stress-induced cell damage and could influence the course of disease.

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1,855 citations

"Transition of somatic plant cells t..." refers background in this paper

...For example, in sunflower, enriched in cells with nuclear DNA content characexpression of class II small HSPs is roughly parallel teristic of G2 cells (T. Pasternak, P. Miskolczi and A. ´with storage protein and lipid accumulation, whereas Feher, unpublished results)....
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...Protein phoresis, which showed that dedifferentiation and folding is controlled by special proteins exhibiting subsequent somatic embryogenesis are associated chaperone activities, including so-called heat shock with complex changes in the protein pattern (for proteins or HSPs (Morimoto, 1998)....
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...…differentiated mesophyll cells, are actively syndeficiency, disturbed morphogenesis could be ob- thesized in protoplasts as soon as they are isolated served at pre-globular embryoid formation, which from leaves (Fleck and Durr, 1980; Vernet et al., could be reverted by exogenous ABA application....
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...These observations indiexpression of class I small HSPs coincides with seed cate that developmental changes in cells, induced by desiccation (Coca et al., 1994)....
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...In general, it can be environmental or developmental signals, are depenhypothesized that the developmentally regulated ap- dent on the original DNA content and differentiation pearance of HSPs is associated with their chaperone state of the cells. function, promoting the assembly of newly synthes- The progression of cells through the different ized proteins during developmental transitions (for phases of the cell cycle is regulated primarily by the reviews, Dudits et al., 1995; Schoffl et al., 1998). activity of different cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes in all eukaryotes, including plants (for ´ ´Cell division and differentiation: being under reviews, Mironov et al., 1999; Meszaros et al., 2000). control The expression of the gene coding for the kinase component of the complex (Cdc2-related kinase) is In attempts to understand the molecular levels of the induced by auxin (Hirt et al., 1991) and present not transition from the somatic to embryogenic cell type, only in dividing plant cells, but also in divisionthe regulators of the cell cycle can be considered as competent cells (Hemerly et al., 1993), thus reprekey determinants during both dedifferentiation and senting a marker for the degree of differentiation....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The functions and regulation of glutathione s-transferases in plants.

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Kathleen A. Marrs¹•Institutions (1)

Stanford University¹

01 Jun 1996

TL;DR: This review presents the current knowledge about the functions of GSTs in regard to both herbicides and endogenous substrates and the catalytic mechanism of GST activity as well as the fate of glutathione S-conjugates.

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Abstract: ▪ Abstract Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play roles in both normal cellular metabolism as well as in the detoxification of a wide variety of xenobiotic compounds, and they have been intensively studied with regard to herbicide detoxification in plants. A newly discovered plant GST subclass has been implicated in numerous stress responses, including those arising from pathogen attack, oxidative stress, and heavy-metal toxicity. In addition, plant GSTs play a role in the cellular response to auxins and during the normal metabolism of plant secondary products like anthocyanins and cinnamic acid. This review presents the current knowledge about the functions of GSTs in regard to both herbicides and endogenous substrates. The catalytic mechanism of GST activity as well as the fate of glutathione S-conjugates are reviewed. Finally, a summary of what is known about the gene structure and regulation of plant GSTs is presented.

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1,342 citations

"Transition of somatic plant cells t..." refers background in this paper

...The protein products of these Changing fate: dedifferentiation and the auxin-induced genes belong to the plant glutathione acquisition of cellular totipotency S-transferase (GST) family (for review, Marrs, 1996)....
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...This is not only shown that some plant GSTs can bind, and probably true for those embryogenic systems where em- carry and store, natural auxin (IAA) (for review, bryogenic callus formation precedes somatic embryo Marrs, 1996)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Cloning and characterization of chi-1: a developmentally regulated member of a novel class of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family

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AM Ciabarra¹, Jenna M. Sullivan¹, LG Gahn¹, G Pecht¹, S Heinemann¹, KA Sevarino¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Yale University¹

01 Oct 1995-The Journal of Neuroscience

TL;DR: A cloned member of a novel class of the rat ionotropic glutamate receptor family, termed chi-1, exhibits an average identity to NMDA subunits and 23% to non-NMDA sub units, which suggests that chi- 1 may specifically interact with NMDA receptor subunits.

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Abstract: Ionotropic glutamate receptors are composed of homomeric or heteromeric configurations of glutamate receptor subunits. We have cloned a member of a novel class of the rat ionotropic glutamate receptor family, termed chi-1. This subunit exhibits an average identity of 27% to NMDA subunits and 23% to non-NMDA subunits. Regional transcript levels of chi-1 are elevated just prior to and during the first postnatal week, with the highest levels present in the spinal cord, brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, CA1 field of the hippocampus, and amygdala. The spatial distribution of chi-1 expression is similar from postnatal day 1 (P1) to adulthood. However, transcript levels decline sharply between P7 and P14 and remain attenuated into adulthood. Functional expression studies in Xenopus oocytes injected with in vitro transcribed chi-1 RNA did not demonstrate agonist-activated currents. Pairwise expression of chi-1 with members of the AMPA, KA, or delta class of glutamate recepto subunits either failed to generate agonist-activated currents or failed to alter the underlying current generated by the coexpressed subunit. However, coexpression of chi-1 with subunits forming otherwise functional NMDA receptors resulted in an inhibition of current responses. Since chi-1 did not alter the currents generated by non-NMDA subunits, this suggests that chi-1 may specifically interact with NMDA receptor subunits. Further characterization will be required to establish the precise role of this glutamate receptor subunit in neuronal signaling.

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1,331 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history.

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Sonia E. Sultan¹•Institutions (1)

Wesleyan University¹

01 Dec 2000-Trends in Plant Science

TL;DR: Comparative, quantitative genetics and molecular approaches are leading to new insights into the adaptive nature of plasticity, its underlying mechanisms and its role in the ecological distribution and evolutionary diversification of plants.

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1,314 citations

"Transition of somatic plant cells t..." refers background in this paper

...…or conditions by changes in this is manifested at the level of cellular differentiatheir behaviour, while plants accommodate environ- tion (for reviews, Walbot, 1996; Sultan, 2000). mental effects by altering metabolism and/or de- One of the most extreme examples of flexibility in velopment....
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...Animals respond to alternative pathways compared to that of animals and environmental signals or conditions by changes in this is manifested at the level of cellular differentiatheir behaviour, while plants accommodate environ- tion (for reviews, Walbot, 1996; Sultan, 2000)....
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