Translaminar fracture toughness testing of composites: A review
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of techniques for the experimental characterisation of the fracture toughness associated with the translaminar (fibre-breaking) failure modes of continuously reinforced laminated composites is presented in this article.
About: This article is published in Polymer Testing.The article was published on 2012-05-01. It has received 180 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Toughness & Fracture toughness.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of ply thickness scaling of transverse and in-plane shear strength was identified based on classical laminate theory and unnotched tensile tests on quasi-isotropic specimens.
226 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a model to predict the strength and damage progression of open-hole composite laminates under compressive loading (OHC) and applied it to study the size effects of OHC.
138 citations
Cites background from "Translaminar fracture toughness tes..."
...The tensile fracture toughness in the fiber direction is regarded as a lamina property which can be measured using compact tension or four-point bending experiments [20–22]....
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TL;DR: Fibre-hybrid composites are composed of two or more fibre types in a matrix as discussed by the authors. But they also pose more challenges in terms of materials selection than conventional, single fibre type composites.
Abstract: Fibre-hybrid composites are composed of two or more fibre types in a matrix. Such composites offer more design freedom than non-hybrid composites. The aim is often to alleviate the drawbacks of one of the fibre types while keeping the benefits of the other. The hybridisation can also lead to synergetic effects or to properties that neither of the constituents possess. Even though fibre-hybrid composites are attractive, they also pose more challenges in terms of materials selection than conventional, single fibre type composites. This review analyses the mechanisms for synergetic effects provides guidance on the fibre and matrix selection and describes recent opportunities and trends. It finishes by describing the current applications, and by contrasting how the industrial use is different from the academic research.
133 citations
Cites background from "Translaminar fracture toughness tes..."
...crack propagation perpendicular to the fibres/plies (see Figure 4) [39]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a thermodynamically-based work potential theory for modeling progressive damage and failure in fiber-reinforced laminates is presented, where the effect of any structural changes in a material that manifest as pre-peak nonlinearity in the stress versus strain response is considered.
Abstract: A thermodynamically-based work potential theory for modeling progressive damage and failure in fiber-reinforced laminates is presented. The current, multiple-internal state variable (ISV) formulation, enhanced Schapery theory (EST), utilizes separate ISVs for modeling the effects of damage and failure. Damage is considered to be the effect of any structural changes in a material that manifest as pre-peak non-linearity in the stress versus strain response. Conversely, failure is taken to be the effect of the evolution of any mechanisms that results in post-peak strain softening. It is assumed that matrix microdamage is the dominant damage mechanism in continuous fiber-reinforced polymer matrix laminates, and its evolution is controlled with a single ISV. Three additional ISVs are introduced to account for failure due to mode I transverse cracking, mode II transverse cracking, and mode I axial failure. Typically, failure evolution (i.e., post-peak strain softening) results in pathologically mesh dependent solutions within a finite element method (FEM) setting. Therefore, consistent character element lengths are introduced into the formulation of the evolution of the three failure ISVs. Using the stationarity of the total work potential with respect to each ISV, a set of thermodynamically consistent evolution equations for the ISVs is derived. The theory is implemented into commercial FEM software. Objectivity of total energy dissipated during the failure process, with regards to refinements in the FEM mesh, is demonstrated. The model is also verified against experimental results from two laminated, T800/3900-2 panels containing a central notch and different fiber-orientation stacking sequences. Global load versus displacement, global load versus local strain gage data, and macroscopic failure paths obtained from the models are compared to the experiments.
117 citations
Additional excerpts
...specimens along with the appropriate simulations (Jose et al. 2001; Camanho et al. 2007; Laffan et al. 2012)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared different approaches to measure the mode I fracture toughness of composites under high rates of loading and provided recommendations for measuring the fracture toughness under high-rate loading.
Abstract: Composite materials are often subjected to mechanical impact causing delamination. For quasi-static loading, measuring the mode I fracture toughness has been standardized. However, for high-rate loading, additional challenges arise. Consequently, no standard test has yet been defined for measuring the mode I fracture toughness under high rates of loading. This article therefore reviews candidate tests for measuring the high-rate mode I fracture toughness. Strength and weaknesses of different specimen designs and test setups are shown. Different approaches to measuring crack growth and loads are presented. The different approaches are compared and recommendations are provided for measuring the mode I fracture toughness of composites under high rates of loading.
96 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook as mentioned in this paper provides a comprehensive, easy-to-access collection of elastic stress solutions for crack configurations, along with other relevant information, such as displacements, crack opening areas, basic stress functions source references, accuracy of solutions, and more.
Abstract: Nearly double the size of the previous edition, the third edition of this classic reference provides a comprehensive, easy-to-access collection of elastic stress solutions for crack configurations. For each configuration, The Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook present crack tip stress intensity formulas along with other relevant information, such as displacements, crack opening areas, basic stress functions source references, accuracy of solutions, and more. Throughout, it stresses formulas for application to test configurations. The introductory section details the methods of developing the informatio A series of appendices represents special methods and special applications. Now in a hardbound format, the current Handbook offers a number of new features including: * Ne Stress Solutions * Cracked Configurations * Plates with Pinching Loads * Dislocations and Cracks Solutions * Plastic Zone Instability (Expanding a Potentially Interceding "Elastic" Failure Mechanism) * Estimation Methods for Stress Intensity Formulas * J-Integral Methods * Pure Shear Plasticity Solutions. The authors provide 30 new solution pages, plus modifications of older solutions. Contents Include: * Introductory Information Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations with Cracks * Cracks Along a Single Line * Parallel Cracks * Cracks and Holes or Notches * Curved, Angled, Branched, or Radiating Cracks * Cracks in Reinforced Plates * Three-Dimensional Cracked Configurations * Crack(s) in a Rod or a Plate by Energy Rate Analysis * Strip Yield Model Solutions * Cracks(s) in a Shell * Appendices.
5,374 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an extended finite element method is applied to modeling growth of arbitrary cohesive cracks, which is governed by requiring the stress intensity factors at the tip of the cohesive zone to vanish.
1,395 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a 3D failure criteria for laminated fiber-reinforced composites, based on a physical model for each failure mode and considering non-linear matrix shear behavior, are developed.
Abstract: 3D failure criteria for laminated fibre-reinforced composites, based on a physical model for each failure mode and considering non-linear matrix shear behaviour, are developed. Special emphasis is given to compression failure. The physical model for matrix compression failure is based on the Mohr–Coulomb criterion and also predicts the fracture angle. For fibre kinking, an initial fibre-misalignment angle is considered to trigger failure, due to further rotation during the compressive loading. The plane where the kinking takes place is predicted by the model, as well as the kink-band angle. Applications are presented that validate the model against experimental data.
528 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the fracture toughness associated with fiber tensile failure and compressive fibre kinking in a T300/913 carbon-epoxy laminated composite are measured using compact tension and "compact compression" tests respectively.
507 citations
TL;DR: A review of the state of the art in the subject of interlaminar fracture toughness (ift ), its relation to structural performance and the damage tolerance of polymeric composite materials is presented in this paper.
377 citations