Transmission Electron Microscopy
01 Jan 1996-pp 179-260
TL;DR: The client would like to get a larger, approximately 3 cm in diameter, well fixed tissue sample, together with a detailed report of the clinical presentation, gross, and microscopic lesions, along with the submission of samples prepared in a similar manner by the client for processing.
Abstract: We wrote it to be read by, and taught to, senior undergraduates and starting graduate students, rather than studied in a research laboratory. We wrote it using the same style and sentence construction that we have used in countless classroom lectures, rather than how we have written our countless (and much-less read) formal scientificpapers. In this respect particularly, wehave been deliberate in notreferencing the sources of every experimental fact or theoretical concept (although we do include some hints and clues in the chapters). However, at the end of each chapter we have included groups of references that should lead you to the best sources in the literature and help you go into more depth as you become more confident about what you are looking for. We are great believers in the value of history as the basis for under- standing the present and so the history of the techniques and key historical references are threaded throughout the book. Just because a reference is dated in the previous century (or even the antepenultimate century) doesn’t mean it isn’t useful! Likewise, with the numerous figures drawn from across the fields of materials science and engineering and nanotechnology, we do not reference the source in each caption. But at the very end of the book each of our many generous colleagues whose work we have used is clearly acknowledged.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present methods of severe plastic deformation and formation of nanostructures, including Torsion straining under high pressure, ECA pressing, and multiple forging.
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TL;DR: In this article, the optical properties and applications of various two-dimensional materials including transition metal dichalcogenides are reviewed with an emphasis on nanophotonic applications, and two different approaches for enhancing their interactions with light: through their integration with external photonic structures, and through intrinsic polaritonic resonances.
Abstract: The optical properties of graphene and emerging two-dimensional materials including transition metal dichalcogenides are reviewed with an emphasis on nanophotonic applications. Two-dimensional materials exhibit diverse electronic properties, ranging from insulating hexagonal boron nitride and semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides such as molybdenum disulphide, to semimetallic graphene. In this Review, we first discuss the optical properties and applications of various two-dimensional materials, and then cover two different approaches for enhancing their interactions with light: through their integration with external photonic structures, and through intrinsic polaritonic resonances. Finally, we present a narrow-bandgap layered material — black phosphorus — that serendipitously bridges the energy gap between the zero-bandgap graphene and the relatively large-bandgap transition metal dichalcogenides. The plethora of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures, together with the array of available approaches for enhancing the light–matter interaction, offers the promise of scientific discoveries and nanophotonics technologies across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
2,414 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the fundamentals of TEM and its applications in structural determination of shape-controlled nanocrystals and their assemblies, and demonstrate in situ TEM for characterizing and measuring the thermodynamic, electric, and mechanical properties of individual nanostructures, from which the structure−property relationship can be registered with a specific nanoparticle/structure.
Abstract: The physical and chemical properties of nanophase materials rely on their crystal and surface structures. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful and unique technique for structure characterization. The most important application of TEM is the atomic-resolution real-space imaging of nanoparticles. This article introduces the fundamentals of TEM and its applications in structural determination of shape-controlled nanocrystals and their assemblies. By forming a nanometer size electron probe, TEM is unique in identifying and quantifying the chemical and electronic structure of individual nanocrystals. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy analysis of the solid-state effects and mapping the valence states are even more attractive. In situ TEM is demonstrated for characterizing and measuring the thermodynamic, electric, and mechanical properties of individual nanostructures, from which the structure−property relationship can be registered with a specific nanoparticle/structure.
1,980 citations
TL;DR: In the light of recent experimental evidence, two common assumptions are re-examine: that the amount of radiation damage is proportional to the electron dose and is independent of beam diameter; and that the extent of the damage is proportionate to theamount of energy deposited in the specimen.
1,756 citations
TL;DR: A dramatic improvement of efficiency is shown in bismuth telluride samples by quickly squeezing out excess liquid during compaction, which presents an attractive path forward for thermoelectrics.
Abstract: The widespread use of thermoelectric technology is constrained by a relatively low conversion efficiency of the bulk alloys, which is evaluated in terms of a dimensionless figure of merit ( zT ). The zT of bulk alloys can be improved by reducing lattice thermal conductivity through grain boundary and point-defect scattering, which target low- and high-frequency phonons. Dense dislocation arrays formed at low-energy grain boundaries by liquid-phase compaction in Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 (bismuth antimony telluride) effectively scatter midfrequency phonons, leading to a substantially lower lattice thermal conductivity. Full-spectrum phonon scattering with minimal charge-carrier scattering dramatically improved the zT to 1.86 ± 0.15 at 320 kelvin (K). Further, a thermoelectric cooler confirmed the performance with a maximum temperature difference of 81 K, which is much higher than current commercial Peltier cooling devices.
1,429 citations
Cites background or methods from "Transmission Electron Microscopy"
...Thismismatch is identical, as expected (18) to the periodicity in the translational Moiré patterns of the grain boundary observed in Figs....
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...We used microscopy to determine the parameter of average grain size (d) for the grain boundary scattering (tB) (17, 18)....
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...This can be tested through continuum observations at centimeter wavelengths that usually trace the emission from collimated, ionized winds (17, 18)....
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References
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1,299 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of images formed by diffraction contrast in thin metal foils viewed by transmission electron microscopy are studied by means of the dynamical theory of diffraction, including absorption.
Abstract: The properties of images formed by diffraction contrast in thin metal foils viewed by transmission electron microscopy are studied by means of the dynamical theory of diffraction, including absorption. It is shown how quantitative information regarding the state of strain in the matrix surrounding a spherical inclusion can be obtained from the micrographs. The theory is exemplified by the case of Cu—2% (wt) Co, and measurements of strain made in this system are in good agreement with the expected value.
614 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown mathematically that the Lorentz-Einstein transference of light quanta is a non-trivial process. But it is assumed that the light is essentially made up of light Quanta, all having the same extraordinarily small mass.
Abstract: In the present paper it is assumed that the light is essentially made up of light quanta, all having the same extraordinarily small mass. It is shown mathematically that the Lorentz-Einstein transf...
222 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an electrolytic method for preparing thin metal sections for electron microscopy and diffraction is introduced and its application to the structure of cold-worked aluminum and an aluminum-copper alloy is demonstrated.
Abstract: Bethe's dynamical theory of electron diffraction in crystals is developed using the approximation of nearly free electrons and Brillouin zones.The use of Brillouin zones in describing electron diffraction phenomena proves to be illuminating since the energy discontinuity at a zone boundary is a fundamental quantity determining the existence of a Bragg reflection. The perturbation of the energy levels at a corner of a Brillouin zone is briefly discussed and the manner in which forbidden reflections may arise at a corner pointed out. It is concluded that the kinematic theory is inadequate for interpreting electron images of crystalline films.An electrolytic method for preparing thin metal sections for electron microscopy and diffraction is introduced and its application to the structure of cold‐worked aluminum and an aluminum‐copper alloy demonstrated. It is concluded that cold‐worked aluminum initially consists of small, inhomogeneously strained and disoriented blocks about 200A in size. These blocks are n...
178 citations
144 citations