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Journal Article

Transport and metabolism of vitamin A

01 May 2000-Ukraïns'kyĭ biokhimichnyĭ zhurnal (Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999))-Vol. 72, Iss: 3, pp 12-24
TL;DR: Findings on vitamin A transport from intestines to target-cell and metabolism of this fat-soluble vitamin are reviewed and possible roles of cellular retinoid-binding proteins in the process of Vitamin A transport and metabolism are reviewed.
Abstract: The present paper is a review of up-to-date findings on vitamin A transport from intestines to target-cell and metabolism of this fat-soluble vitamin. The hypotheses of possible enzymes participation in the process of etherification/hydrolysis and oxidation/reduction of vitamin A are discussed. Furthermore, possible roles of cellular retinoid-binding proteins in the process of vitamin A transport and metabolism are reviewed.
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Consumption of fruits and vegetables high in specific carotenoids and vitamins may reduce premenopausal breast cancer risk.
Abstract: Background: Data on intake of specific carotenoids and breast cancer risk are limited. Furthermore, studies of vitamins A, C, and E in relation to breast cancer risk are inconclusive. We have conducted a large, prospective study to evaluate long-term intakes of these nutrients and breast cancer risk. Methods: We examined, by use of multivariate analysis, associations between intakes of specific carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E , consumption of fruits and vegetables, and breast cancer risk in a cohort of 83 234 women (aged 33‐60 years in 1980) who were participating in the Nurses’ Health Study. Through 1994, we identified 2697 incident cases of invasive breast cancer (784 premenopausal and 1913 postmenopausal). Results: Intakes of b-carotene from food and supplements, lutein/zeaxanthin, and vitamin A from foods were weakly inversely associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Strong inverse associations were found for increasing q uintiles o f a-carotene, b-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, total vitamin C from foods, and total vitamin A among premenopausal women with a positive family history of breast cancer. An inverse association was also found for increasing quintiles of b-carotene among premenopausal women who consumed 15 g or more of alcohol per day. Premenopausal women who consumed five or more servings per day of fruits and vegetables had modestly lower risk of breast cancer than those who had less than two servings per day (relative risk [RR] = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.58‐1.02); this association was stronger among premenopausal women who had a positive family history of breast cancer (RR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.13‐0.62) or those who consumed 15 g or more of alcohol per day (RR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.27‐1.04). Conclusions: Consumption of fruits

392 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarizes the considerable amount of knowledge generated on retinoids, members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, which regulate a wide variety of essential biological processes, such as vertebrate embryonic morphogenesis and organogenesis, cell growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, and homeostasis, as well as their disorders.
Abstract: Retinoid is a term for compounds that bind to and activate retinoic acid receptors (RARα, RARβ, and RARγ), members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The most important endogenous retinoid is all- trans -retinoic acid. Retinoids regulate a wide variety of essential biological processes, such as vertebrate embryonic morphogenesis and organogenesis, cell growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, and homeostasis, as well as their disorders. This review summarizes the considerable amount of knowledge generated on these receptors.

371 citations


Cites background from "Transport and metabolism of vitamin..."

  • ...Both experimental and clinical studies have revealed that retinoids regulate a wide variety of essential biological processes, such as vertebrate embryonic morphogenesis and organogenesis, cell growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, and homeostasis, as well as their disorders (Sporn et al., 1976; Blomhoff, 1994; Sporn et al., 1994; Kastner et al., 1995; Chambon, 2005)....

    [...]

  • ...…wide variety of essential biological processes, such as vertebrate embryonic morphogenesis and organogenesis, cell growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, and homeostasis, as well as their disorders (Sporn et al., 1976; Blomhoff, 1994; Sporn et al., 1994; Kastner et al., 1995; Chambon, 2005)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of their biological functions, metabolism and dynamics of transfer to offspring in mammals, including the biochemical aspects of their intestinal absorption, blood transport, tissue uptake, storage and catabolism is presented.
Abstract: Vitamins A and E are essential, naturally occurring, fat-soluble nutrients that are involved in several important biological processes such as immunity, protection against tissue damage, reproduction, growth and development They are extremely important during the early stages of life and must be transferred adequately to the young during gestation and lactation The present article presents an overview of their biological functions, metabolism and dynamics of transfer to offspring in mammals Among other topics, the review focuses on the biochemical aspects of their intestinal absorption, blood transport, tissue uptake, storage and catabolism It also describes their different roles as well as their use as preventive and therapeutic agents Finally, the mechanisms involved in their transfer during gestation and lactation are discussed

239 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Retinoic acid plays a role in immune homeostasis in the steady-state but activates pathogenic T cells in conditions of inflammation.
Abstract: Retinoic acid (RA) is produced by a number of cell types, including macrophages and dendritic cells, which express retinal dehydrogenases that convert vitamin A to its main biologically active metabolite, all-trans RA. All-trans RA binds to its nuclear retinoic acid receptors that are expressed in lymphoid cells and act as transcription factors to regulate cell homing and differentiation. RA production by CD103(+) dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages functions with TGF-β to promote conversion of naive T cells into Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and, thereby, maintain mucosal tolerance. Furthermore, RA inhibits the differentiation of naive T cells into Th17 cells. However, Th1 and Th17 responses are constrained during vitamin A deficiency and in nuclear RA receptor α-defective mice. Furthermore, RA promotes effector T cell responses during infection or autoimmune diseases. Thus, RA plays a role in immune homeostasis in the steady-state but activates pathogenic T cells in conditions of inflammation.

180 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...predominantly stored in the liver (5, 6)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The vitamin A–redox hypothesis is presented as a testable alternative hypothesis to the resource trade-off hypothesis for the maintenance of honesty of carotenoid pigmentation.
Abstract: Trade-offs in resource allocation have been widely stated as the means by which the honesty of ornamental traits is maintained, but an alternative to this resource trade-off hypothesis is that production of ornamentation is linked to the biochemical efficiency of vital cellular processes. Carotenoids are antioxidants, potentially tying carotenoid-based coloration to the oxidative state of an organism, and some carotenoids are also precursors for vitamin A, which regulates numerous cellular processes. We present a biochemical model for regulation of ornamental coloration based on interdependencies of carotenoid and retinoid biochemistry. We propose that vitamin A regulatory mechanisms, redox systems, and carotenoid pigmentation pathways link carotenoid coloration to oxidative state and to a host of important aspects of performance, such as immune function. The activity of β-carotene ketolase, which catalyzes the oxidation of yellow carotenoids into red carotenoids, is responsive to the states of vi...

166 citations


Cites background from "Transport and metabolism of vitamin..."

  • ...In the liver, carotenoids accumulate in oil droplets in hepatocytes (Blomhoff 1994; Cooper 1997), and pro-vitamin A carotenoids are transported to hepatic stellate cells, where further retinol production and storage occurs (Shmarakov et al. 2010; von Lintig 2010)....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Consumption of fruits and vegetables high in specific carotenoids and vitamins may reduce premenopausal breast cancer risk.
Abstract: Background: Data on intake of specific carotenoids and breast cancer risk are limited. Furthermore, studies of vitamins A, C, and E in relation to breast cancer risk are inconclusive. We have conducted a large, prospective study to evaluate long-term intakes of these nutrients and breast cancer risk. Methods: We examined, by use of multivariate analysis, associations between intakes of specific carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E , consumption of fruits and vegetables, and breast cancer risk in a cohort of 83 234 women (aged 33‐60 years in 1980) who were participating in the Nurses’ Health Study. Through 1994, we identified 2697 incident cases of invasive breast cancer (784 premenopausal and 1913 postmenopausal). Results: Intakes of b-carotene from food and supplements, lutein/zeaxanthin, and vitamin A from foods were weakly inversely associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Strong inverse associations were found for increasing q uintiles o f a-carotene, b-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, total vitamin C from foods, and total vitamin A among premenopausal women with a positive family history of breast cancer. An inverse association was also found for increasing quintiles of b-carotene among premenopausal women who consumed 15 g or more of alcohol per day. Premenopausal women who consumed five or more servings per day of fruits and vegetables had modestly lower risk of breast cancer than those who had less than two servings per day (relative risk [RR] = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.58‐1.02); this association was stronger among premenopausal women who had a positive family history of breast cancer (RR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.13‐0.62) or those who consumed 15 g or more of alcohol per day (RR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.27‐1.04). Conclusions: Consumption of fruits

392 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarizes the considerable amount of knowledge generated on retinoids, members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, which regulate a wide variety of essential biological processes, such as vertebrate embryonic morphogenesis and organogenesis, cell growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, and homeostasis, as well as their disorders.
Abstract: Retinoid is a term for compounds that bind to and activate retinoic acid receptors (RARα, RARβ, and RARγ), members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The most important endogenous retinoid is all- trans -retinoic acid. Retinoids regulate a wide variety of essential biological processes, such as vertebrate embryonic morphogenesis and organogenesis, cell growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, and homeostasis, as well as their disorders. This review summarizes the considerable amount of knowledge generated on these receptors.

371 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of their biological functions, metabolism and dynamics of transfer to offspring in mammals, including the biochemical aspects of their intestinal absorption, blood transport, tissue uptake, storage and catabolism is presented.
Abstract: Vitamins A and E are essential, naturally occurring, fat-soluble nutrients that are involved in several important biological processes such as immunity, protection against tissue damage, reproduction, growth and development They are extremely important during the early stages of life and must be transferred adequately to the young during gestation and lactation The present article presents an overview of their biological functions, metabolism and dynamics of transfer to offspring in mammals Among other topics, the review focuses on the biochemical aspects of their intestinal absorption, blood transport, tissue uptake, storage and catabolism It also describes their different roles as well as their use as preventive and therapeutic agents Finally, the mechanisms involved in their transfer during gestation and lactation are discussed

239 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Retinoic acid plays a role in immune homeostasis in the steady-state but activates pathogenic T cells in conditions of inflammation.
Abstract: Retinoic acid (RA) is produced by a number of cell types, including macrophages and dendritic cells, which express retinal dehydrogenases that convert vitamin A to its main biologically active metabolite, all-trans RA. All-trans RA binds to its nuclear retinoic acid receptors that are expressed in lymphoid cells and act as transcription factors to regulate cell homing and differentiation. RA production by CD103(+) dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages functions with TGF-β to promote conversion of naive T cells into Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and, thereby, maintain mucosal tolerance. Furthermore, RA inhibits the differentiation of naive T cells into Th17 cells. However, Th1 and Th17 responses are constrained during vitamin A deficiency and in nuclear RA receptor α-defective mice. Furthermore, RA promotes effector T cell responses during infection or autoimmune diseases. Thus, RA plays a role in immune homeostasis in the steady-state but activates pathogenic T cells in conditions of inflammation.

180 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The vitamin A–redox hypothesis is presented as a testable alternative hypothesis to the resource trade-off hypothesis for the maintenance of honesty of carotenoid pigmentation.
Abstract: Trade-offs in resource allocation have been widely stated as the means by which the honesty of ornamental traits is maintained, but an alternative to this resource trade-off hypothesis is that production of ornamentation is linked to the biochemical efficiency of vital cellular processes. Carotenoids are antioxidants, potentially tying carotenoid-based coloration to the oxidative state of an organism, and some carotenoids are also precursors for vitamin A, which regulates numerous cellular processes. We present a biochemical model for regulation of ornamental coloration based on interdependencies of carotenoid and retinoid biochemistry. We propose that vitamin A regulatory mechanisms, redox systems, and carotenoid pigmentation pathways link carotenoid coloration to oxidative state and to a host of important aspects of performance, such as immune function. The activity of β-carotene ketolase, which catalyzes the oxidation of yellow carotenoids into red carotenoids, is responsive to the states of vi...

166 citations