Transport of Matter in Simple Ionic Crystals (Cubic Halides)
01 Jan 1967-Physica Status Solidi B-basic Solid State Physics (WILEY‐VCH Verlag)-Vol. 23, Iss: 1, pp 9-56
About: This article is published in Physica Status Solidi B-basic Solid State Physics.The article was published on 1967-01-01. It has received 137 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this article, a curve separates the two domains in the σ, T plane and moves to higher temperatures and stresses for crystals of higher impurity content; for natural crystals, only rotation recrystallization can occur.
Abstract: Single crystals of pure and impure halite have been dynamically recrystallized during compression creep at temperatures between 250° and 790°C and stresses between 1.5 and 120 bars. Recrystallization was found to occur by two different mechanisms: at lower temperatures and stresses the new grains result from the rotation of subgrains without grain boundary migration (rotation recrystallization), and at higher temperatures and stresses the final texture results from the migration of the high-angle grain boundaries of the rotated subgrains. Migration recrystallization was shown to occur for critical stress and temperature conditions, allowing rapid grain boundary migration. A curve separates the two domains in the σ, T plane and moves to higher temperatures and stresses for crystals of higher impurity content; for natural crystals, only rotation recrystallization can occur. In each recrystallization regime the recrystallized grain size is uniquely related to the applied stress, thus yielding two different geopiezometers, which should not be applied indiscriminately to natural tectonites to determine lithospheric or mantle deviatoric stresses. The experimental results are interpreted by the Lucke et Stuwe theory for impurity-controlled grain boundary migration.
343 citations
92 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrical conductivity of the silver iodide phase of AgI has been studied for pressures up to 1.0 GPa and for temperatures between room temperature and 330\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.
Abstract: The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ phase of silver iodide which is stable between 147 and 555\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C at normal pressure is a classical example of a solid electrolyte. In this investigation the temperature and pressure dependences of the electrical conductivity in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-AgI have been studied for pressures up to 0.9 GPa. This phase is characterized by a large electrical conductivity, a low migration enthalpy of 0.098 eV, and a low activation volume of 0.8-0.9 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{mole}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. For pressures between 0.4 and 10 GPa a rocksalt-structure phase fcc AgI is stable at room temperature. The temperature and pressure dependences of the electrical conductivity in this phase have been studied for pressures up to 1.0 GPa and for temperatures between room temperature and 330\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The electrical conductivity resembles that in AgCl and AgBr, and it is indicated that Frenkel defects dominate also in fcc AgI. At high temperature and pressure, however, a gradual increase of the electrical conductivity takes place in fcc AgI, similar to the gradual transitions that have been reported for many materials with the fluorite structure. The electrical conductivity in this temperature and pressure range of fcc AgI is approximately 1 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, i.e., only slightly less than the electrical conductivity in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ phase.
83 citations
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In addition, the recent progress in the area of defect-lattice interactions has been due indirectly to the experimental background furnished by detailed investigations of the identity and properties of radiation-produced defects in alkali halide crystals carried out over a number of years.
Abstract: Radiation damage studies have contributed significantly in the past to our understanding of defect creation and interaction In addition, much of the recent progress in the area of defect-lattice interactions has been due indirectly to the experimental background furnished by detailed investigations of the identity and properties of radiation-produced defects in alkali halide crystals carried out over a number of years
63 citations
TL;DR: Ionic conductivity in {200} and {111} silver bromide films deposited on cleaved mica or cleaved alkali halide crystals in an oil-free system is reported in this article.
62 citations
References
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01 Jan 1952
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss diffusion in solids, liquids, gases, and diffusion in liquids, solids and gases in the context of diffusion in liquid and gas. ǫ
Abstract: Diffusion in solids, liquids, gases , Diffusion in solids, liquids, gases , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
1,026 citations
TL;DR: The ionic thermoconductivity (ITC) method, consisting of the study of the thermally activated release of dielectric polarization, is studied in great detail in alkali halide crystals.
Abstract: The ionic thermoconductivity (ITC) method, consisting of the study of the thermally activated release of dielectric polarization, is studied in great detail in alkali halide crystals. The (divalent metal ion, cation vacancy) dipoles give rise to an ITC band below 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, whose area is proportional to the polarizing field. The activation energy for dipole orientation can be obtained with an accuracy of 0.1%, when there are no overlapping bands. It is shown that the sensitivity of the ITC in detecting small contributions to the polarization (down to 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ dipoles per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$) or in separating overlapping relaxation processes is greater than that of methods presently employed. The solubility of the impurities can be studied by measuring the ITC of samples subjected to annealing at a fixed temperature. Intense ITC bands appearing in KCl between 280 and 430\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are probably due to contact effects. Measurements on other substances such as quartz, calcite, and Teflon show that by means of a single ITC measurement one obtains a complete qualitative picture of the polarization in a dielectric.
763 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the total electrical conductivity and electron hole conductivity in solid CuCl, CuBr, and CuI between 250 and 450°C were determined with help of ac measurements on samples between copper electrodes and dc polarization measurements on the cellCu|cuprous halide|graphite.
Abstract: The total electrical conductivity and the electron hole conductivity in solid CuCl, CuBr, and CuI between 250 and 450°C have been determined with help of ac measurements on samples between copper electrodes and dc polarization measurements on the cellCu|cuprous halide|graphite.
543 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of defect models applicable to different solids - metals, ionic solids, semiconductors and insulators - and discuss the statistical and thermodynamic description of these defect models.
Abstract: This article reviews the transport of atoms through crystalline solids under the influence of external electric fields, chemical and isotopic concentration gradients and thermal gradients. The main emphasis is on the statistical and thermodynamic description of these phenomena via the theory of mobile lattice imperfections - vacancies and interstitial atoms. In discussing the various phenomena in detail (§ 5) extensive use is made of non-equilibrium thermodynamics as providing a convenient general formalism. Particular attention is given wherever possible to the physical interpretation of the descriptions provided by this formalism. An introductory survey of the properties of vacancies and interstitials in relation to diffusion phenomena is given in § 2. This includes a summary of the various defect models applicable to different solids - metals, ionic solids, semiconductors and insulators. Section 3 deals in greater detail with certain necessary aspects of the statistical thermodynamics of solids containing defects. Section 4 briefly summarizes the basic theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, oriented towards matter transport in crystalline solids; attention is drawn to several pitfalls in this approach. Finally, § 5 is the main object of the review; it applies the material developed in §§ 3 and 4. This section deals with (i) isothermal diffusion in metal alloys, including chemical diffusion, and isotopic tracer diffusion, particular attention being given to dilute systems, (ii) electrolytic conductivity, ionic mobility and both solute and solvent diffusion in ionic solids, special attention being given to the relation between these quantities and to a generalized form of the Nernst-Einstein relation, (iii) the Soret effect and thermal diffusion, especially in metals and dilute alloys, and (iv) thermoelectric phenomena in ionic solids. The article does not deal with grain boundary or surface diffusion and does not specifically discuss diffusion-controlled chemical reactions, sintering or creep. Discussions of these aspects of the subject are given in the works listed in the bibliography.
418 citations