Transport of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract of the bitch: observations through uterine fistula.
01 Jun 1989-The Japanese journal of veterinary science (Nihon Juigaku Zasshi)-Vol. 51, Iss: 3, pp 560-565
TL;DR: Using unilateral uterine fistulas, the time required for spermatozoa to reach the end of the fistula after natural mating, artificial insemination (AI) in a normal standing posture (NP), and AI standing on the head (SH) was investigated in each of three stages of estrus.
Abstract: Using unilateral uterine fistulas, the time required for spermatozoa to reach the end of the fistula after natural mating, artificial insemination (AI) in a normal standing posture (NP), and AI standing on the head (SH) was investigated in each of three stages of estrus. Conceptivity in these bitches was also investigated. Five experimental bitches were tested during a total of 8 estrous periods. The results are as follows; the time required for spermatozoa to reach the end of the fistula was almost the same in the early and middle stages, i.e., 30 sec to 1 min after natural mating and SH and less than 2 min for half the bitches in NP, although no intrauterine transport could be observed in the other half. In most cases of mating during the late stage no spermatozoa were found after any of the 3 methods of insemination. Five animals became pregnant in these experiments, but the other three failed to conceive. The implantation of fertilized ova occurred also in the fistulated uterine horn in all cases of pregnancy.
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TL;DR: The bitch should be inseminated late in estrus, and the insemination dose should contain at least 150 to 200 x 10(6) spermatozoa.
Abstract: Successful artificial insemination in the dog requires good timing of the insemination, skilled collection and handling of the semen, and mastering of insemination techniques. The bitch should be inseminated late in estrus. The insemination dose should contain at least 150 to 200 x 10(6) spermatozoa. Fresh semen can be inseminated vaginally, whereas frozen-thawed semen should be inseminated into the uterus. Pregnancy rates of 84% with fresh semen and 69% with frozen semen are reported.
156 citations
TL;DR: This study is the largest that has been carried out on frozen-thawed dog semen AI and shows that using a good method for cryopreservation, together with nonsurgical intrauterine AI employing the Norwegian catheter, can yield whelping rates and litter sizes similar to those reported from well-controlled natural matings.
129 citations
TL;DR: This study shows that results of AI with a fresh semen using a bovine infusion pipette and the Osiris catheter are equivalent, and the pregnancy rate, whelping rate and litter size are reduced when frozen-thawed, prostatic fluid-supplemented semen is vaginally deposited using the OsirisCatheter.
49 citations
TL;DR: It was shown that a high conception rate can be obtained by IUI using OEP-supplemented frozen canine semen and a method of freezing canine sperm applicable to IVI is necessary.
Abstract: Our previous report indicated that addition of Orvus ES Paste (OEP) to the extender of frozen canine semen protected acrosomes and maintained sperm motility after thawing. In this study, artificial insemination (AI) using the frozen semen was carried out. The frozen semen was prepared using egg yolk Tris-fructose citrate, and the final concentrations of glycerol and OEP were 7% (v/v) and 0.75% (v/v), respectively. AI was performed during the optimal mating period predicted from the peripheral plasma progesterone level. In intrauterine insemination (IUI), the bitches were laparotomized and 1 x 10(8) spermatozoa were infused into one of the uterine horns. In insemination of non-OEP supplemented semen, 3 x 10(8) spermatozoa were inseminated. In intravaginal insemination (IVI), 10-40 x 10(8) spermatozoa were inseminated. Conception was obtained in nine of 10 bitches (90.0%) that underwent IUI. The number of newborns was from 1 to 7 (mean 3.6 +/- 0.9). The mean ratio of the number of puppies to the number of ovulations in the inseminated uterine horn was 71.8%. The number of puppies did not exceed the number of ovulation in the inseminated uterine horn. Conception using non-OEP supplemented frozen semen was unsuccessful in all four bitches. In IVI, conception was not obtained in any of the six bitches that received insemination of 10 x 10(8) or 40 x 10(8) spermatozoa, but two of three bitches that received insemination of 20 x 10(8) spermatozoa were fertilized. It was shown that a high conception rate can be obtained by IUI using OEP-supplemented frozen canine semen. Developmenmt of a non-surgical method of IUI and a method of freezing canine sperm applicable to IVI is necessary.
47 citations
Cites result from "Transport of spermatozoa in the rep..."
...IUI and IVI was performed referring to our results previously obtained using fresh semen [19, 22, 23]....
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...As we previously reported [19, 23], bitches were made to stand on their forelegs, and the semen was inseminated into the deep vagina....
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TL;DR: The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge of the transportation of sperm and their biology within the reproductive tract of the bitch.
46 citations
Cites background or result from "Transport of spermatozoa in the rep..."
...Several studies have demonstrated active uterine contractions during natural mating that propel sperm rapidly within the bitch’s reproductive tract [29,35]....
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...Other workers have also found delayed transportation in bitches artificially inseminated compared with those that were mated [29]....
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...Studies of natural matings have shown that oocytes may remain fertilizable for a significant time after ovulation [28,29], and matings as late as 9 or 10 days after the LH peak can be fertile [23]....
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...Other studies have also demonstrated a lack of sperm transport from the vagina into the uterus during late estrus, presumably the result of closure of the cervix [29]....
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