Treatment of waste water by coagulation and flocculation using biomaterials
01 Nov 2017-Vol. 263, Iss: 3, pp 032006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the determination of physical and chemical parameters in the treatment process of waste water by flocculation and coagulation processes using natural coagulants and assess their feasibility for water treatment by comparing the performance with each other and with a synthetic co-agulant.
Abstract: The present study deals with the determination of physical and chemical parameters in the treatment process of waste water by flocculation and coagulation processes using natural coagulants and assessing their feasibility for water treatment by comparing the performance with each other and with a synthetic coagulant. Initial studies were done on the synthetic waste water to determine the optimal pH and dosage, the activity of natural coagulant, followed by the real effluent from tannery waste. The raw tannery effluent was bluish-black in colour, mildly basic in nature, with high COD 4000mg/l and turbidity in the range 700NTU, was diluted and dosed with organic coagulants, AloeVera, MoringaOleifera and Cactus (O.ficus-indica). The study observed that coagulant Moringa Oleifera of 15 mg/L dose at 6 pH gave the best reduction efficiencies for major physicochemical parameters followed by Aloe Vera and Cactus under identical conditions. The study reveals that the untreated tannery effluents can be treated with environmental confirmative naturally occurring coagulants.
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TL;DR: This review paper provides a thorough discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the further utilization and application of biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water and wastewater treatment, including the importance of the selection of raw materials, the simplification of extraction processes, the application to different water and Wastewater characteristics, and the scaling up of this technology to a real industrial scale.
Abstract: The utilization of metal-based conventional coagulants/flocculants to remove suspended solids from drinking water and wastewater is currently leading to new concerns. Alarming issues related to the prolonged effects on human health and further pollution to aquatic environments from the generated nonbiodegradable sludge are becoming trending topics. The utilization of biocoagulants/bioflocculants does not produce chemical residue in the effluent and creates nonharmful, biodegradable sludge. The conventional coagulation-flocculation processes in drinking water and wastewater treatment, including the health and environmental issues related to the utilization of metal-based coagulants/flocculants during the processes, are discussed in this paper. As a counterpoint, the development of biocoagulants/bioflocculants for drinking water and wastewater treatment is intensively reviewed. The characterization, origin, potential sources, and application of this green technology are critically reviewed. This review paper also provides a thorough discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the further utilization and application of biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water and wastewater treatment, including the importance of the selection of raw materials, the simplification of extraction processes, the application to different water and wastewater characteristics, the scaling up of this technology to a real industrial scale, and also the potential for sludge recovery by utilizing biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water/wastewater treatment.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the potential application of plant-based coagulants as suitable alternatives to Chemical Coagulant due to their biodegradability, economical, non-toxic, and lower sludge volume, and treatment cost; is being studied in industrial wastewater treatment.
Abstract: Chemical coagulants have been extensively used in wastewater treatment from industrial processes due to their removal efficiencies. Notwithstanding, recent studies have reported concerns over the existence of lingering or incurable diseases, resulting from residues of metals from these non-degradable chemical coagulants which remain in the water even after treatment. The sludge produced from the treatment has also been affirmed to be hazardous and non-biodegradable, causing harm to the environment. The potential application of plant-based coagulants as suitable alternatives to chemical coagulants due to their biodegradability, economical, non-toxic, and lower sludge volume, and treatment cost; is being studied in industrial wastewater treatment. Presented in this review is the state of heart of revolutionary technique for green coagulant preparation, their properties, and application in wastewater treatment. Highlighted is the current development on improving and purification techniques of the coagulants, and probable use of dual or combine coagulants. The review also critically identifies notable research gaps based on the current limitations in previous research to valorizing potential applications.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the most efficient model plant-based coagulants/flocculants, moringa seeds, cactus pads, okra seed pods and mango kernels, via highlighting their effectiveness in treating a variety of waters.
Abstract: Plant-based coagulants/flocculants are foreseen to be a major progress in water treatment technology owing to their safety, biodegradability and availability, unlike synthetic chemical water refiners such as Al, Fe salts and organic polymers claimed to cause threats to our ecosystem either via their residues in the treated waters or due to their generated toxic sludge. Further, the increasing global awareness about environmental issues is acting as a driving force behind the interest toward the use of green resources as valuable products for water treatment. Substitution of synthetic coagulants/flocculants by such natural materials can not only minimize ecosystem damages and threats, but would also foster the way toward an era of clean technology and a sustainable environment. The present paper reviews works on the most efficient model plant-based coagulants/flocculants, moringa seeds, cactus pads, okra seed pods and mango kernels, via highlighting their effectiveness in treating a variety of waters. This review focuses also on the extracting processes used for their preparation, on the type of their active compounds as well as on water pollutant removal mechanisms. Among the four known coagulation–flocculation phenomenon, both polymer bridging and charge neutralization were assumed to be the main predominant mechanisms of bio-coagulants/bio-flocculants toward water contaminant removal. Further, this paper sheds light on where future works should head aiming to stress on the exploitation of green materials in water remediation. We believe that this review can provide an immediate platform for scientists to intensify their research on more efficient natural products to be used in water processing for the sake of a safer environment.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of coagulant dosage, effluent pH and settling time on the process were studied and the coagulation data were analyzed in light of adsorption kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics.
Abstract: Adsorptive component of coagulation–flocculation of paint wastewater using Brachystegia eurycoma (seed) coagulant was investigated. The bio-sample was analyzed for functional groups, surface morphology and thermal characteristics. The effects of coagulant dosage, effluent pH and settling time on the process were studied. The coagulation data were analyzed in light of adsorption kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics. Pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models best described the models, and the values recorded for Gibb’s free energy, entropy and enthalpy values were—28.692 kJ/mol, 0.206 kJ/mol and 34.857 kJ/mol, respectively. At the experimental condition, maximum process efficiency (96.50%) was obtained at coagulant dosage of 5 g/L, pH 8 and coagulation temperature of 35 °C. Having satisfactorily correlated coagulation data to adsorption models, it could be inferred that significant component of the process was predominated by adsorption.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the overall performance of pilot reed bed system planted with two native Malaysian plants of Scirpus grossus and Lepironia articulata in treating real domestic wastewater under short term batch reactor.
Abstract: Domestic wastewater is one of the sources of pollutant for water bodies if not disposed properly. Reed bed system is very potential to be used to treat domestic wastewater as it is good in terms of overall performance, low in operation and maintenance costs, and environmentally friendly. This study examined the overall performance of pilot reed bed system planted with two native Malaysian plants of Scirpus grossus and Lepironia articulata in treating real domestic wastewater under short term batch reactor. Four systems were used in this experiment, in which first system planted with S. grossus, second system planted with L. articulata, third system planted with 50% S. grossus + 50% L. articulata, and the fourth system was left unplanted as control reactor. A total of 5 days of parameters observation and two sampling points (on the top of medium and at the bottom of medium) were chosen to analyse the effect of the treatment period and the contribution of rhizosphere area to the overall reed bed performance. The planted system performed very well in removing pollutant reaching up to 99% for TSS, 99.7% for BOD, 96.6% for COD, 100% for ammonium, and 99.6% for phosphate. The addition of plants significantly increased the DO concentration inside reed bed. Both plants showed no significant difference performance in terms of the removal efficiencies. There was a significant difference in terms of removal between both sampling points (up and down) at day 0 and day 1, indicating that rhizosphere area played a very important role in the treatment of wastewater which provide lower pollutant concentration in shorter period of time. There are no significant differences obtained for measured parameter at day 3 and day 5 in all reactor, indicating that the systems already achieved the steady state at day 3 of the observation.
25 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of the recent developments in the synthesis of adsorbents containing polysaccharides, in particular modified biopolymers derived from chitin, chitosan, starch and cyclodextrin, is presented.
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TL;DR: There is a focus on polymers for primary coagulation, their use as coagulant aids, in the recycling of filter backwash waters, and in sludge thickening.
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TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of the main results obtained in the treatment of various suspensions and solutions is given, and the effects of the characteristics of the chitosan used and the conditions in solution on the coagulation/flocculation performance are also discussed.
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TL;DR: In this article, the efficiency and properties of Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant in water treatment were studied and compared with alum, which is presently the most widely used industrial coagulateant.
758 citations
Book•
13 May 2008
TL;DR: Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment as mentioned in this paper provides a comprehensive account of coagulation techniques and technologies in a single volume covering theoretical principles to practical applications.
Abstract: Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment provides a comprehensive account of coagulation and flocculation techniques and technologies in a single volume covering theoretical principles to practical applications. Thoroughly revised and updated since the 1st Edition it has been progressively modified and increased in scope to cater for the requirements of practitioners involved with water and wastewater treatment. A thorough gamut of treatment scenarios is attempted, including turbidity, color and organics removal, including the technical aspects of enhanced coagulation. The effects of temperature and ionic content are described as well as the removal of specific substances such as arsenic and phosphorus. Chemical phosphorus removal is dealt with in detail, Rapid mixing for efficient coagulant utilization, and flocculation are dealt with in specific chapters. Water treatment plant waste sludge disposal is dealt with in considerable detail, in an Appendix devoted to this subject. Invaluble for water scientists, engineers and students of this field, Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment is a convenient reference handbook in the form of numerous examples and appended information.
617 citations