Abstract: I the,art in trellis-coded modulation (TCM) is given for the more interested reader. First, the general structure of TCM schemes and the principles of code construction are reviewed. Next, the effects of carrier-phase offset in carrier-modulated TCM systems are discussed. The topic i s important, since TCM schemes turn out to be more sensitive to phase offset than uncoded modulation systems. Also, TCM schemes are generally not phase invariant to the same extent as their signal sets. Finally, recent advances in TCM schemes that use signal sets defined in more than two dimensions are described, and other work related to trellis-coded modulation is mentioned. The best codes currently known for one-, two-, four-, and eight-dimensional signal sets are given in an Appendix. T h e trellis structure of the early hand-designed TCM schemes and the heuristic rules used to assign signals to trellis transitions suggested that TCM schemes should have an interpretation in terms of convolutional codes with a special signal mapping. This mapping should be based on grouping signals into subsets with large distance between the subset signals. Attempts to explain TCM schemes in this manner led to the general structure of TCM encoders/modulators depicted in Fig. 1. According to this figure, TCM signals are generated as follows: When m bits are to be transmitted per encoder/modulator operation, m 5 m bits are expanded by a rate-rYd(m-t 1) binary convolutional encoder into rii-t 1 coded bits. These bits are used to select one of 2' \" + I subsets of a redundant 2'11+1-ary signal set. The remaining mm uncoded bits determine which of the 2 \" '-' \" signals in this subset is to be transmitted. The concept of set partitioning is of central significance for TCM schemes. Figure 2 shows this concept for a 32-CROSS signal set [ 11, a signal set of lattice type \" Z2 \". Generally, the notation \" Zk \" is used to denote an infinite \" lattice \" of points in k-dimensional space with integer coordinates. Lattice-type signal sets are finite subsets of lattice points, which are centered around the origin and have a minimum spacing of A,. Set partitioning divides a signal set successively into smaller subsets with maximally increasing smallest two-way. The partitioning is repeated iii 4-1 times until A,,+, is equal to or greater than the desired free distance of the TCM scheme to be designed. T h e finally …