Tremetone and structurally related compounds in white snakeroot ( Ageratina altissima ): a plant associated with trembles and milk sickness.
20 Jul 2010-Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (American Chemical Society)-Vol. 58, Iss: 15, pp 8560-8565
TL;DR: High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that there are three different chemotypes of white snakeroot from the plant samples analyzed, and elucidation of these chemotypes may explain the sporadic and unpredictable toxicity of white Snakeroot to livestock and humans.
Abstract: Ingestion of white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) can cause trembles in livestock and milk sickness in humans. The toxicity has been associated with tremetol, a relatively crude, multicomponent lipophilic extract of the plant. In this study, 11 different compounds were isolated from white snakeroot-derived lipophilic extracts from 18 collections. Six of the isolated compounds have not been previously reported to be found in white snakeroot. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that there are three different chemotypes of white snakeroot from the plant samples analyzed. Elucidation of these chemotypes may explain the sporadic and unpredictable toxicity of white snakeroot to livestock and humans.
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TL;DR: The main phytochemical and biological characteristics of the Asteraceae family and the genus Eupatorium s.l., whose antimicrobial activity is promising, especially antibacterial and antifungal activity are presented.
Abstract: In recent years, the number of infectious diseases linked to the occurrence of bacterial and fungal resistance has increased, leading to extensive search for new drugs to treat these infections. Species of the Asteraceae family and the genus Eupatorium, have high biological potential and are used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. This review article presents the main phytochemical and biological characteristics of the Asteraceae family and the genus Eupatorium s.l., whose antimicrobial activity is promising, especially antibacterial and antifungal activity. The current review was achieved using an organized search of the scientific data published on antimicrobial activity and phytochemical of the species of the genus Eupatorium using various databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Scielo, SciFinder and Google Scholar. The species of Eupatorium are rich in terpenes, phytosterols and sesquiterpene lactones, the latter being chemotaxonomic markers of the group, with broad anticancer, antiplasmodial and antimicrobial activity, making them promising for the development of new drugs. Various species of Eupatorium seems to hold great potential for in-depth investigation for antimicrobial activities. Many species have broad folk use, with scientific confirmation of its antimicrobial properties making these plants potential sources of safer and more effective treatments.
Key words: Compositae, Eupatorium s.l., antimicrobial potential, ethnopharmacology, ethnobotany.
20 citations
Cites background from "Tremetone and structurally related ..."
...Ingestion of the plant causes a disease called trembles in livestock (Lee et al., 2010)....
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TL;DR: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow, black cohosh, American ginseng, and blue skullcap.
Abstract: Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines.
20 citations
Cites background from "Tremetone and structurally related ..."
...Tremetone, hydroxygremetone, dehydrotremetone toxic in goldfish assay [62]...
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TL;DR: Reduction of this analgesic effect by naloxone suggests a direct effect on opiate receptors as a possible signaling pathway, but both the low diffusion across lipid membranes (PAMPA assay and the lipophilicity shown by tremetone 1 make elusive the mechanism explaining its induced analgesia.
Abstract: Parastrephia lepidophylla, family Asteraceae, has ancient use in traditional medicine in the region of Tarapaca, Chile. Bioguided fractionation of extracts of this plant was undertaken in the search for compounds with analgesic and antioxidant activity. Two benzofuran derivatives were isolated as the major components of this plant, identified as tremetone 1 and methoxytremetone 6. Remarkably, neither of these showed antioxidant activity, but tremetone 1 exhibited a morphine-like analgesic property. Reduction of this analgesic effect by naloxone suggests a direct effect on opiate receptors as a possible signaling pathway. However, both the low diffusion across lipid membranes (PAMPA assay) and the lipophilicity (Log P) shown by tremetone 1 make elusive the mechanism explaining its induced analgesia.
16 citations
Cites background from "Tremetone and structurally related ..."
...It should be noted that several species of Asteraceae, such as Ageratina altissima, Eupatorium rugosum, and Isocoma pluriflora, contain a mixture of alcohols and ketones, referred to as tremetol that cause “trembles” and “milk sickness” in livestock and humans, respectively [9,10]....
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TL;DR: This article lists commonly encountered toxic plants that affect ruminants in the Northeastern United States.
Abstract: This article lists commonly encountered toxic plants that affect ruminants in the Northeastern United States. Livestock are at risk for ingestion of a large variety of toxic plants. Plant poisonings are likely to be underdiagnosed because tests for most plant toxins are not routinely available at veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Prevention of access to poisonous plants is usually more effective and economical than treatment of plant poisonings.
15 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the toxicity of tremetone, the crude toxin of Eupatorium urticaefolium, has been separated by partition chromatography into a Sterol fraction and a Ketone fraction.
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