Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
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TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
Citations
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Glyphosate, a chelating agent-relevant for ecological risk assessment?
TL;DR: According to the results, it has not been fully elucidated whether the chelating activity of glyphosate contributes to the toxic effects on plants and potentially on plant–microorganism interactions, e.g., nitrogen fixation of leguminous plants.
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Is it time to reassess current safety standards for glyphosate-based herbicides?
Laura N. Vandenberg,Bruce Blumberg,Michael Antoniou,Charles Benbrook,Lynn Carroll,Theo Colborn,Lorne G. Everett,Michael Hansen,Philip J. Landrigan,Bruce P. Lanphear,Robin Mesnage,Frederick S. vom Saal,Wade V. Welshons,John Peterson Myers +13 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that current safety standards for GBHs are outdated and may fail to protect public health or the environment.
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The global environmental hazard of glyphosate use
TL;DR: The first global environmental contamination analysis of GLP and its metabolite, AMPA, conducted with a mechanistic dynamic model at 0.5 × 0.5° spatial resolution reveals that about 1% of croplands worldwide are susceptible to mid to high contamination hazard and less than 0.1% has a high hazard.
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Glyphosate exposure in pregnancy and shortened gestational length: a prospective Indiana birth cohort study
Shahid Parvez,Roy Gerona,C. Proctor,C. Proctor,Matthew W. Friesen,Jeffrey L. Ashby,Jill L. Reiter,Z. Lui,Paul Winchester,Paul Winchester +9 more
TL;DR: This is the first study of GLY exposure in US pregnant women using urine specimens as a direct measure of exposure and found that > 90% of pregnant women had detectable GLY levels and that these levels correlated significantly with shortened pregnancy lengths.
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Assessment of Glyphosate Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Pathologies and Sperm Epimutations: Generational Toxicology.
Deepika Kubsad,Eric E. Nilsson,Stephanie E. King,Ingrid Sadler-Riggleman,Daniel Beck,Michael K. Skinner +5 more
TL;DR: It is proposed glyphosate can induce the transgenerational inheritance of disease and germline (e.g. sperm) epimutations through differential DNA methylation regions (DMRs).
References
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Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
John Peterson Myers,Michael Antoniou,Bruce Blumberg,Lynn Carroll,Theo Colborn,Lorne G. Everett,Michael Hansen,Philip J. Landrigan,Bruce P. Lanphear,Robin Mesnage,Laura N. Vandenberg,Frederick S. vom Saal,Wade V. Welshons,Charles Benbrook +13 more
TL;DR: GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions and regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science.