Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
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TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
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Physiological effects of the interaction between Nosema ceranae and sequential and overlapping exposure to glyphosate and difenoconazole in the honey bee Apis mellifera.
Hanine Almasri,Daiana Antonia Tavares,Marie Diogon,Maryline Pioz,Maryam Alamil,Déborah Sené,Sylvie Tchamitchian,Marianne Cousin,Jean-Luc Brunet,Luc P. Belzunces +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the interactions between N. ceranae, the herbicide glyphosate and the fungicide difenoconazole were studied under combined sequential and overlapping exposure to the pesticides at a concentration of 0.1 µg/L in food.
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Glyphosate and AMPA removal from water by solar induced processes using low Fe(III) or Fe(II) concentrations
Anna Serra-Clusellas,Anna Serra-Clusellas,Laura De Angelis,Mercedes Beltramo,Melina Ailén Bava,Josefina De Frankenberg,Julián Vigliarolo,Nicolás Di Giovanni,Jorge Stripeikis,Julián A. Rengifo-Herrera,Maria Fidalgo de Cortalezzi,Maria Fidalgo de Cortalezzi +11 more
Abstract: A solar photo-Fenton-like (SPF-like) process is explored for the removal of 1 mg L−1 glyphosate and its main degradation by-product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), from Milli-Q water by means of low Fe(III) concentrations (0.6–2 mg L−1) at pH = 2.8 and variable H2O2 concentrations at the laboratory scale. The research is focused on glyphosate and AMPA oxidation, which present similar toxicity patterns. A 1 mg L−1 glyphosate solution requires 5–6 h of the SPF-like process to be degraded when a minute Fe(III) concentration (0.6 mg L−1) is used in acidic water. Glyphosate abatement time is diminished to 2 h when the Fe(III) concentration is increased to 2 mg L−1. At pH levels above 2.8, the herbicide is partially adsorbed onto the colloids of iron oxy(hydroxide) compounds. AMPA requires a higher oxidative power than glyphosate to be degraded, and more than 6 h of solar treatment are needed, using 10 mg L−1 h−1 H2O2 and 2 mg L−1 Fe(III) at acidic pH. Solar photo-Fenton (SPF), using 4 mg L−1 Fe(II) and 10 mg L−1 h−1 H2O2 at pH = 2.8, must be applied to achieve practically total AMPA removal in 6 h of irradiation. SPF-like and SPF treatments led to 70% and 80% mineralization, respectively, under the best operational conditions. This work demonstrates that SPF-like and SPF at low Fe(III) or Fe(II) concentrations are effective treatments for the removal of glyphosate from water at acidic pH. Continuous addition of H2O2 is required for AMPA abatement.
Journal ArticleDOI
Commercial glyphosate-based herbicides effects on springtails (Collembola) differ from those of their respective active ingredients and vary with soil organic matter content
Michael Maderthaner,Maureen Weber,Eszter Takács,Mária Mörtl,Friedrich Leisch,Jörg Römbke,Pascal Querner,Ronnie Walcher,Edith Gruber,András Székács,Johann G. Zaller +10 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that ERAs for pesticides should be performed with actually applied herbicides rather than only on AIs and should also consider influences of different soil properties.
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The association between urinary glyphosate and aminomethyl phosphonic acid with biomarkers of oxidative stress among pregnant women in the PROTECT birth cohort study.
Jarrod L. Eaton,Amber L. Cathey,Jennifer A. Fernandez,Deborah J. Watkins,Monica K. Silver,Ginger L. Milne,Carmen M. Vélez-Vega,Zaira Rosario,José Cordero,Akram N. Alshawabkeh,John D. Meeker +10 more
TL;DR: Glyphosate and AMPA were measured in 347 urine samples collected between 16 and 20 weeks gestation and 24-28 weeks gestation from pregnant women in the PROTECT birth cohort as discussed by the authors .
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Update on human exposure to glyphosate, with a complete review of exposure in children.
TL;DR: The literature on glyphosate exposure levels, especially in children, remains limited and without more data collected in a standardized way, parsing out the potential relationship between glyphosate exposure and disease will not be possible.
References
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TL;DR: One of the first specialized agencies of the United Nations to become active, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as discussed by the authors has elicited interest beyond the specialized field of agricultural economists.
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Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
John Peterson Myers,Michael Antoniou,Bruce Blumberg,Lynn Carroll,Theo Colborn,Lorne G. Everett,Michael Hansen,Philip J. Landrigan,Bruce P. Lanphear,Robin Mesnage,Laura N. Vandenberg,Frederick S. vom Saal,Wade V. Welshons,Charles Benbrook +13 more
TL;DR: GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions and regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science.