Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
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TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
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Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
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Distribution of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in Agricultural topsoils of the European Union
Vera M. F. da Silva,Luca Montanarella,Arwyn Jones,Oihane Fernández-Ugalde,Hans G.J. Mol,Coen J. Ritsema,Violette Geissen +6 more
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References
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TL;DR: Judy A. Carman, Howard R. Vlieger, Larry J. Ver Steeg, Verlyn E. Sneller, Garth W. Robinson, Catherine A. Clinch-Jones, Julie I. Haynes, John W. Edwards
Agricultural Impacts of Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean Cultivation in
TL;DR: The following actions are proposed to minimize weed resistance problem: rotation of GRS with conventional soybeans in order to rotate herbicide modes of action; avoidance of lower than recommended glyphosate rates; and keeping soil covered with a crop or legume at intercrop intervals.
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Review of potential environmental impacts of transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean in Brazil
TL;DR: Transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybeans have been commercialized and grown extensively in the Western Hemisphere, including Brazil, and four weed species have evolved resistance to glyphosate in GRS in Brazil and have great potential to become problems.
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Agricultural impacts of glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivation in South America.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to minimize weed resistance problem: (a) rotation of GRS with conventional soybeans in order to rotate herbicide modes of action, avoidance of lower than recommended glyphosate rates; (b) keeping soil covered with a crop or legume at intercrop intervals; (c) keeping machinery free of weed seeds; and (d) use of a pre-plant nonselective herbicide plus residuals to eliminate early weed interference with the crop and to minimize escapes from later applications of glyphosate due to natural resistance of older weeds and/or incomplete
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Complete Genes May Pass from Food to Human Blood
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TL;DR: Evidence is reported that meal-derived DNA fragments which are large enough to carry complete genes can avoid degradation and through an unknown mechanism enter the human circulation system.