Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2008. Estimates developed by WHO UNICEF UNFPA and The World Bank.
01 Jan 2010-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the global regional and country estimates of maternal mortality in 2008 and the findings of the assessment of trends of mortality levels since 1990, summarizing the challenges involved in measuring maternal mortality and the main approaches to measurement and explains the methodology of the 2008 maternal mortality estimates.
Abstract: This report presents the global regional and country estimates of maternal mortality in 2008 and the findings of the assessment of trends of maternal mortality levels since 1990. It summarizes the challenges involved in measuring maternal mortality and the main approaches to measurement and explains the methodology of the 2008 maternal mortality estimates. The final section discusses the use and limitations of the estimates with an emphasis on the importance of improved data quality for estimating maternal mortality. The appendices present the sources of data for the country estimates as well as MMR estimates for the different regional groupings for WHO UNICEF UNFPA The World Bank and UNPD. (Excerpt)
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TL;DR: Between 2003 and 2009, haemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, and sepsis were responsible for more than half of maternal deaths worldwide, and more than a quarter of deaths were attributable to indirect causes.
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TL;DR: Worldwide, regional, and national estimates of preterm birth rates for 184 countries in 2010 with time trends for selected countries are reported, and a quantitative assessment of the uncertainty surrounding these estimates is provided.
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TL;DR: For the first time there has been a reduction in the inequalities gap, with a significant decrease in maternal mortality rates among those living in the most deprived areas and those in the lowest socio-economic group.
2,288 citations
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24 Sep 2012TL;DR: The World Development Report 2012: Gender equality and development as mentioned in this paper reported that since the 1970s, gender in development has emerged as an issue of concern of the World Bank and the International Organization for Standardization.
Abstract: World Development Report 2012: Gender equality and development Washington, DC: The World Bank 2011, 426 pp., ISBN: 978-0821388259 Since the 1970s, Gender in development has emerged as an issue of c...
1,206 citations
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TL;DR: Official statistics show stable maternal mortality ratios during the past 10 years, but modelled data indicate a yearly decrease of 4%, a trend which might not have been noticeable in official reports because of improvements in death registration and the increased number of investigations into deaths of women of reproductive age.
845 citations
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4,114 citations
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TL;DR: Although only 23 countries are on track to achieve a 75% decrease in MMR by 2015, countries such as Egypt, China, Ecuador, and Bolivia have been achieving accelerated progress and substantial, albeit varied, progress has been made towards MDG 5.
2,163 citations
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: The first set of global and national estimates for 1990 was developed in order to strengthen the information base and the second effort was made by UNICEF and UNFPA for the year 1995.
Abstract: Reduction of maternal mortality has been endorsed as a key development goal by countries and is included in consensus documents emanating from international conferences such as the World Summit for Children in 1990 the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994 and the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995 and their respective five-year follow-up evaluations of progress in 1999 and 2000 the Millennium Declaration in 2000 and the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Children in 2002. In order to monitor progress efforts have to be made to address the lack of reliable data particularly in settings where maternal mortality is thought to be most serious. The inclusion of maternal mortality reduction in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) stimulates increased attention to the issue and creates additional demands for information.1The first set of global and national estimates for 1990 was developed in order to strengthen the information base2. WHO UNICEF and UNFPA undertook a second effort to produce global and national estimates for the year 1995.3 Given that a substantial amount of new data has become available since then it was decided to repeat the exercise. This document presents estimates of maternal mortality by country and region for the year 2000. It describes the background rationale and history of estimates of maternal mortality and the methodology used in 2000 compared with the approaches used in previous exercises in 1990 and 1995. The document opens by summarising the complexity involved in measuring maternal mortality and the reasons why such measurement is subject to uncertainty particularly when it comes to monitoring progress. Subsequently the rationale for the development of estimates of maternal mortality is presented along with a description of the process through which this was accomplished for the year 2000. This is followed by an analysis and interpretation of the results pointing out some of the pitfalls that may be encountered in attempting to use the estimates to draw conclusions about trends.23 The final part of the document presents a summary of the kind of information needed to build a fuller understanding of both the levels and trends in maternal mortality and the interventions needed to achieve sustained reductions in the coming few years. (excerpt)
784 citations
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TL;DR: The reportedregnancy-related mortality ratio has substantially increased during 1991-1999, probably because of improved ascertainment of pregnancy-related deaths.
Abstract: Problem/condition The risk of death from complications of pregnancy has decreased approximately 99% during the twentieth century, from approximately 850 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1900 to 7.5 in 1982. However, since 1982, no further decrease has occurred in maternal mortality in the United States. In addition, racial disparity in pregnancy-related mortality ratios persists; since 1940, mortality ratios among blacks have been at least three to four times higher than those for whites. The Healthy People 2000 objective for maternal mortality of no more than 3.3 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births was not achieved during the twentieth century; substantial improvements are needed to meet the same objective for Healthy People 2010. Reporting period covered This report summarizes surveillance data for pregnancy-related deaths in the United States for 1991-1999. Description of system The Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System was initiated in 1987 by CDC in collaboration with state health departments and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Maternal Mortality Study Group. Health departments in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City provide CDC with copies of death certificates and available linked outcome records (i.e., birth certificates or fetal death certificates) of all deaths occurring during or within 1 year of pregnancy. State maternal mortality review committees, the media, and individual providers report a limited number of deaths not otherwise identified. Death certificates and relevant birth or fetal death certificates are reviewed by clinically experienced epidemiologists at CDC to determine whether they are pregnancy-related. Results During 1991-1999, a total of 4,200 deaths were determined to be pregnancy-related. The overall pregnancy-related mortality ratio was 11.8 deaths per 100,000 live births and ranged from 10.3 in 1991 to 13.2 in 1999. The pregnancy-related mortality ratio for black women was consistently higher than that for white women for every characteristic examined. Older women, particularly women aged >/= 35 years and women who received no prenatal care, were at increased risk for pregnancy-related death. The distribution of the causes of death differed by pregnancy outcome. Among women who died after a live birth (i.e., 60% of the deaths), the leading causes of death were embolism and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Interpretation The reported pregnancy-related mortality ratio has substantially increased during 1991-1999, probably because of improved ascertainment of pregnancy-related deaths. Black women continued to have a 3-4 times higher pregnancy-related mortality ratio than white women. In addition, pregnancy-related mortality has the largest racial disparity among the maternal and child health indicators. Reasons for this difference could not be determined from the available data. Public health actions Continued surveillance and additional studies should be conducted to monitor the magnitude of pregnancy-related mortality, to identify factors that contribute to the continuing racial disparity in pregnancy-related mortality, and to develop effective strategies to prevent pregnancy-related mortality for all women. In addition, CDC is working with state health departments, researchers, health-care providers, and other stakeholders to improve the ascertainment and classification of pregnancy-related deaths.
720 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and used a range of methods, depending on the type of data available, to produce comparable country, regional and global estimates of maternal mortality ratios for 2005 and to assess trends between 1990 and 2005.
517 citations