Trends in Sorption Preconcentration Combined with Noble Metal Determination
01 Sep 2007-Analytical Sciences (The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry)-Vol. 23, Iss: 9, pp 1031-1039
TL;DR: This review describes the basic types of available sorbents, preconcentration procedures and preparations of the sorbent to the subsequent determination of noble metals and specific features of instrumental techniques and examples of ETAAS, FAAS, I CP-AES, ICP-MS determinations after the sorption preconcentrations are considered.
Abstract: Nowadays much attention is being paid to the determination of trace amounts of noble metals in geological, industrial, biological and environmental samples. The most promising techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) are characterized by high sensitivity. However, the accurate determination of trace noble metals has been limited by numerous interferences generated from the presence of matrix elements. To decrease, or eliminate, these interferences, the sorption preconcentration of noble metals is often used prior to their instrumental detection. A great number of hyphenated methods of noble metal determination using sorption preconcentration have been developed. This review describes the basic types of available sorbents, preconcentration procedures and preparations of the sorbent to the subsequent determination of noble metals. The specific features of instrumental techniques and examples of ETAAS, FAAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS determinations after the sorption preconcentration of noble metals are considered. The references cited here were selected mostly from the period 1996 - 2006.
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TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …
33,785 citations
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TL;DR: It was found that Pd was selectively removed by PANI even in the presence of various ions, making the method very promising for the determination of Pd.
79 citations
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TL;DR: A simple classification of various sorbents and solid-phase extraction procedures used for preconcentration of trace levels of Au, Pd, and Pt from different sample types is proposed in this review article.
Abstract: A simple classification of various sorbents and solid-phase extraction procedures used for preconcentration of trace levels of Au, Pd, and Pt from different sample types is proposed in this review article. The large variety of available sorbents/procedures has been organized according to expected mechanisms of sorption process (complex formation; ion exchange; adsorption; ion-imprinted or molecularly imprinted polymers); according to the kind of monomeric units of the polymer matrix as well as on the basis of the kind of functional group responsible for main performance characteristics (selectivity, capacity) of the sorbent. Advantages of chemically modified sorbents, sulfur-containing sorbent extractants, and ion-imprinted polymers, together with rational pretreatment by means of microwave treatments, scaling down of enrichment, and quantification by means of flow and flow injection approaches are given. Preferred instrumental techniques for quantification of ppb levels of Au, Pd, and Pt in prepared concentrates/column eluates are multielement instrumental techniques: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Excellent limits of detection at picogram levels of these analytes are provided by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), generally in single-element mode and the neutron activation analysis (NAA), while X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and flame AAS are rarely applied because of lack of sensitivity at sub-ppm levels of Au, Pd, and Pt. Some problems of atomic spectrometric quantification techniques and their representative limits of detection are given. Recent applications to geological, industrial, pharmaceutical, biological, and other materials are tabulated. References have been selected mostly from the period 1995 to 2010.
69 citations
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TL;DR: This review encompasses the research carried out since 2000, focused on the employment of biosorption processes as an analytical tool to improve instrumental analysis.
64 citations
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TL;DR: It is shown that phosphonium-type ionic liquids (ILs) can be used for preparation of novel solid-phase extractants and the possibility of retaining ligands on the solid phases by means of ILs to prepare the complexing solid- phase extractants has been demonstrated.
Abstract: That phosphonium-type ionic liquids (ILs) can be used for preparation of novel solid-phase extractants has been shown. The conditions of IL immobilization on the different matrices (polyacrilonitrile, Amberlite XAD-7, hyper cross-linked polystyrene, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) were determined. The solid-phase extraction of Pt(IV) from 1-2 M HCl and Pu(IV) from 3 M HNO(3) has been investigated. The possibility of retaining ligands on the solid phases by means of ILs to prepare the complexing solid-phase extractants has been demonstrated.
54 citations
References
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[...]
TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …
33,785 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, details of the occurrence of the platinum group metals (PGM) in the Earth's crust and the composition of the principal minerals are presented along with data on supply and demand of PGM in different fields.
Abstract: Details of the occurrence of the platinum group metals (PGM) in the Earth's crust and the composition of the principal minerals are presented along with data on supply and demand of PGM in different fields. Trace level determination of the PGM requires preconcentration. Methods such as fire assay, chlorination, ion exchange, etc., are dealt with. Analytical techniques used for the determination of PGM such as spectrophotometry, atomic absorption, neutron activation methods, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) are discussed. The ICPMS technique, which has a leading role because of its high sensitivity, simultaneous multi-element capability and a fair degree of tolerance to interferences, is discussed in detail. The need for availability and use of certified reference materials of similar matrix and appropriate PGM content in obtaining reliable data is also discussed.
278 citations