Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer observations of the tropospheric HDO/H2O ratio: Estimation approach and characterization
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Cites methods from "Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer ..."
..., 2012], which is similar to the TES version 4 retrieval [Worden et al., 2006], uses small microwindows, and is less computationally intensive....
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230 citations
References
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"Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer ..." refers background in this paper
...A result that is apparent from this single global survey is the ‘‘latitude effect’’ in which the isotopic depletion of water vapor is larger at the higher latitudes than at the equator due to the continual rain-out of the heavier nuclides during poleward transit into an environment with lower temperature [e.g., Dansgaard, 1964 ]....
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...[39] Despite the challenges with estimating the tropospheric HDO/H2O ratio, TES observations are able to capture expected spatial distributions such as the latitude effect (more depletion of heavier water vapor isotopes at higher latitudes) and more depletion of heavier water vapor isotopes at higher altitudes [ Dansgaard, 1964 ]....
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...…whereas the boundary layer vapor inside or downwind of weather systems were most depleted; this excess depletion is suggestive of an ‘‘amount effect’’ [Dansgaard, 1964] in which water recycled in the cloud system becomes successively depleted as the heavier isotopes are removed through…...
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...…estimating the tropospheric HDO/H2O ratio, TES observations are able to capture expected spatial distributions such as the latitude effect (more depletion of heavier water vapor isotopes at higher latitudes) and more depletion of heavier water vapor isotopes at higher altitudes [Dansgaard, 1964]....
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...They found that regions with disorganized or no convection had the least isotopically depleted vapor, whereas the boundary layer vapor inside or downwind of weather systems were most depleted; this excess depletion is suggestive of an ‘‘amount effect’’ [ Dansgaard, 1964 ] in which water recycled in the cloud system becomes successively depleted as the heavier isotopes are removed through precipitation....
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4,052 citations
"Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...An a priori covariance is developed which includes the expected variability of both HDO and H2O and the correlations between the two molecules; the inverse of this a priori covariance is used to constrain the joint estimate [Rodgers, 2000]....
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...[8] The estimation method and error characterization for the distribution of the HDO/H2O ratio uses the general methodology and error characterization from Rodgers [2000] and the error characterization used for simultaneous estimates of atmospheric trace gasses and temperature described by Rodgers and Connor [2003] and Worden et al. [2004b]....
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...This equation is equivalent to the information content [ Rodgers, 2000 ] if the smoothing error is replaced by the total error of the estimate given by equation (26)....
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...: TES OBSERVATIONS OF TROPOSPHERIC HDO/H2O 3 of 10 D16309 matrix, and true state can be described by the linear estimate [Rodgers, 2000] x̂ ¼ xa þ Axx x xað Þ þMGznþMGz X i Ki bi bai ; ð8Þ where M is the mapping matrix, Axx is the averaging kernel matrix, n is the noise vector, x is the ‘‘true’’…...
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...Because the mapping used here is linear, the mapping matrix may also be interpreted as M ¼ @x @z : ð5Þ The mapping matrix represents a ‘‘hard constraint’’ because the estimate cannot take on values outside the range space of M [Rodgers, 2000]....
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1,231 citations
"Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer ..." refers background in this paper
...There are also many HDO lines that can be used for estimating atmospheric distributions of HDO and H2O [Toth, 1999; Rothman et al., 2003]....
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928 citations
"Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer ..." refers methods in this paper
...For TES estimates of the HDO and H2O distributions, the a priori covariance for water, SH, is constructed using the MOZART [Brasseur et al., 1998; Horowitz et al., 2003] model but scaled to the expected uncertainty of NCEP water content predictions [Worden et al., 2004b]....
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