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Tuning Educational Structures in Europe

01 Jan 2003-pp 70-96
Abstract: The Bologna Declaration The Bologna Declaration of June 1999 calls for the establishment by 2010 of a coherent, compatible and competitive European Higher Educatio n Area, attractive for European students and for students and scholars from other c ontinents. The European Education Ministers identified six action lines in Bologna an d they have added three more in Prague in May 2001 and one more in Berlin in September 2003:

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Tuning Educational
Structures in Europe


Tuning Educational
Structures in Europe
Informe Final
Fase Uno
Editado por
Julia González
Robert Wagenaar
2003
Universidad de Universidad de
Deusto Groningen

El Proyecto Tuning fue financiado por la Comisión
Europea en el marco del Programa Socrates.
Esta publicación refleja los puntos de vista solo de los
autores, y la Comisión Europea no puede asumir res-
ponsabilidades por ningún uso que se haga de la infor-
mación contenida en el presente libro.
Los editores quieren expresar su gratitud a los Asistentes
del Proyecto Tuning Robert Alcock, Pablo Beneitone, Almu-
dena Garrido e Ingrid van der Meer por su dedicación y
contribución significativa al proyecto. Particularmente,
quieren agradecer a Pablo Beneitone por la coordinación
de la edición de la presente versión en castellano.
Ninguna parte de esta publicación, incluido el diseño
de la cubierta, puede ser reproducida, almacenada o
transmitida en manera alguna ni por ningún medio, ya
sea eléctrico, químico, mecánico, óptico, de grabación
o de fotocopia, sin permiso previo del editor.
Publicación impresa en papel ecológico
© Universidad de Deusto
Apartado 1 - 48080 Bilbao
ISBN: 84-7485-892-5 (obra completa)
ISBN: 84-7485-893-3
Depósito legal: BI - 1.862-03
Impreso en España/Printed in Spain
Fotocomposición: IPAR, S. Coop. - Bilbao
Imprime: RGM, S.A.

Lista de Participantes
Coordinadores Generales
Julia González - Universidad de Deusto (ES)
Robert Wagenaar - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (NL)
Miembros del Comité de Gestión y de Dirección
Expertos en Educación Superior
Chantal Zoller - Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
Volker Gehmlich - Fachhochschule Osnabrück (DE)
Maria Sticchi-Damiani - Consejero ECTS (IT)
Ann Katherine Isaacs - Università degli Studi di Pisa (IT)
Estela Pereira - Universidade de Aveiro (PT)
Stephen Adam - University of Westminster (UK)
Coordinadores de Area Temática
Peder Ostergaard Coordinador del Area de Administración y Di-
rección de Empresas— Aarhus School of Business (DK)
Lars Gunnarsson —Coordinador del Area de Ciencias de la Educa-
ción— Göteborg University (SE)
Paul D. Ryan Coordinador del Area de Geología— National Uni-
versity of Galway (IE)
Jean-Luc Lamboley —Coordinador del Area de Historia— Université
Pierre Mendès France, Grenoble, (FR)

Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider data from an exploratory survey conducted in a Portuguese university, focusing on the field of education and take into account the contents of the educational policies at supra-national level in Europe and at national level in Portugal.
Abstract: Whether and to what extent we are in the process of reconstructing higher education following the Bologna Process orientation is the issue underpinning this article. To address this issue, the authors consider data from an exploratory survey conducted in a Portuguese university, focusing on the field of education. They take into account the contents of the educational policies at supra- national level in Europe and at national level in Portugal. In addition, they draw upon the conceptual debate about policy and politics. They acknowledge changes taking place in the organisational structure of the academic programmes, as well as in the students' perceptions. Additionally, critical issues concerning the organisation and implementation of these programmes allow them to identify challenges for universities and issues that need deeper inquiry and continuous monitoring.

9 citations


Cites methods from "Tuning Educational Structures in Eu..."

  • ...The question about competence development included the items proposed by the Tuning Process concerning subject-specific competences in educational sciences (González & Wagenaar, 2003, 2008), which are in accordance with the Dublin descriptors for second- and third-cycle awards....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results obtained show that the use of the electronic group portfolio in a cooperative learning environment has allowed the development of competences which would have been difficult to achieve following the traditional lecture system and assessment in a final examination.
Abstract: This work analyses the use of cooperative learning in conjunction with an electronic group portfolio in university education. When working in cooperative groups, students are required to be aware of the changes that take place throughout the learning process and to reflect on the benefits or drawbacks of different approaches to learning. The use of an electronic group portfolio could enhance the learning process as it enables the development of tutorial action, generic and specific competences and assessment. The effectiveness of this learning methodology has been evaluated by means of critical incident questionnaires, surveys and by analysing the final grades obtained by the students. The results obtained show that the use of the electronic group portfolio in a cooperative learning environment has allowed the development of competences which would have been difficult to achieve following the traditional lecture system and assessment in a final examination.

9 citations

DissertationDOI
14 Mar 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose an active/retroactive model, based on the aforementioned chain(s) of topics, which aims to identify those competences that have and those that have not been adequately achieved.
Abstract: "[EN] The Bologna process encourages the transition of higher education from knowledge possession to understanding performances and from a teaching-centered to a student centered approach via learning outcomes. A student-centered evaluation means that students analyze actively their own learning with concrete criteria on development levels, in an environment where they obtain immediate, frequently and formative feedback. The rationale of this dissertation consists in introducing the execution of disparate sets of activities into the assessment process in order to enrich the whole procedure keeping it close to the learning process. Continuous assessment seems to be the most accurate mean of executing the assessment process taking into account that competencies are achieved by executing activities. The evaluation process is implemented throughout a discreet number of measurement points called ""moments of evaluation"" which consist in a set of activities necessary for the development of the process. And based on the existing partial order relationship among specific curricular domains we could draw a directed graph with several chains of topics representing a natural way of progress in order to reach the profile competences. We propose a new procedure in continuous assessment by introducing an active/retroactive model, based on the aforementioned chain(s) of topics, which aims to identify those competences that have and those that have not been adequately achieved. With this in mind we suggest introducing a retroactive impact on the outcome assessment of the concerned competencies evaluated in the corresponding chain(s) of topics. These retroactive impacts might be amplified by the introduction of a grade impact amplifier as continuous assessment procedure based on the greater experience and knowledge of the students as the course advances. In general, any subject is composed by different topics and each topic is developed through the execution, with different relevance, of a number of activities. Relationships between activities, topics and competences can be distributed in a 3D matrix array which we will call ATC cuboid. ATC cuboid uses a binary assessment as a check of an activity in each of the core competencies. In this way, we have a matrix structure of the performance of the student over a course, which is the basis to design individualized curricular strategies with the goal of achieving the required level of development of each competence. We will develop the aforementioned ATC cuboids on a sample of students and a comparison between this method and a more traditional method used with Aerospace Engineering students in the Design Engineering School ETSID at Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Valencia, Spain). [ES] El proceso de Bolonia anima la transicion de la educacion superior desde un modelo basado en la adquisicion del conocimiento a un modelo que prima la comprension del desempeno y desde un modelo centrado en la ensenanza a un modelo centrado en el estudiante a traves de los resultados del aprendizaje. Una evaluacion centrada en el alumnado significa que el estudiante analiza activamente su propio aprendizaje con criterios concretos sobre niveles de desarrollo en un entorno donde obtiene feedback de forma inmediata, frecuente y formativa. El fundamento de esta tesis consiste en la introduccion de conjuntos muy diversos de actividades en el proceso de evaluacion con el objetivo de enriquecerlo globalmente y acercarlo al proceso de aprendizaje. La evaluacion continua se perfila como uno de los medios mas precisos de ejecutar el proceso de evaluacion teniendo en cuenta que las competencias pueden adquirirse mediante la realizacion de actividades. El proceso de evaluacion se implementa en una sucesion discreta de puntos de medida que denominamos ""momentos de evaluacion"" y que consisten en un conjunto de actividades que son necesarias para el desarrollo del proceso. Y basandonos en la existencia de una relacion de orden parcial entre los distintos contenidos de un dominio curricular, podemos trazar un grafo dirigido con varias cadenas de topicos que representan, de una forma natural, la progresion del alumnado para alcanzar el perfil de competencias objetivo. Proponemos un nuevo procedimiento de evaluacion continua introduciendo un modelo activo/retroactivo, basado en las cadenas de topicos antes citadas, que favorece la identificacion de aquellas competencias que se han y que no se han alcanzado de una forma adecuada. Con esta idea presente, sugerimos la introduccion de un impacto retroactivo sobre los conocimientos base de estas competencias ya evaluados en la(s) correspondiente(s) cadena(s) de topicos disenadas. Es mas, este impacto retroactivo podria ser mas relevante mediante la introduccion de un amplificador de impacto calificador como un procedimiento de evaluacion continua fundamentado en la mayor experiencia y conocimiento acumulado del alumno conforme avanza el desarrollo del curso. En general, cualquier asignatura se compone de distintos topicos y cada topico se desarrolla mediante la ejecucion, con distinta relevancia, de una serie de actividades. Estas relaciones pueden ser representadas mediante matrices de tres dimensiones a las que hemos llamado cuboides ATC, los cuales se implementan mediante el uso de una evaluacion binaria que verifica en las actividades cada una de las competencias basicas y las califica con un indicador verdadero/falso obteniendo una estructura matricial del rendimiento del alumnado en el curso, lo que nos permitira disenar estrategias curriculares. Desarrollaremos los mencionados cuboides ATC para una muestra de estudiantes y los compararemos con los resultados obtenidos con un metodo mas tradicional utilizado en el grado de Ingenieria Aeroespacial en la Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria del Diseno, ETSID, en la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. [CAT] El proces de Bolonia anima la transicio de l'educacio superior des d'un model basat en l'adquisicio del coneixement a un model que prima la comprensio de l'acompliment i des d'un model centrat en l'ensenyament a un model centrat en l'estudiant a traves dels resultats de l'aprenentatge. Una avaluacio centrada en l'alumne significa que l'estudiant analitza activament el seu propi aprenentatge amb criteris concrets sobre nivells de desenvolupament en un entorn on obte feedback de forma immediata, frequent i formativa. El fonament d'aquesta tesi consisteix en la introduccio de conjunts molt diversos d'activitats en el proces d'avaluacio amb l'objectiu d'enriquir-lo globalment i apropar-lo al proces d'aprenentatge. L'avaluacio continua es perfila com un dels mitjans mes precisos d'executar el proces d'avaluacio tenint en compte que les competencies es poden adquirir mitjancant la realitzacio d'activitats. El proces d'avaluacio s'implementa en una successio discreta de punts de mesura que denominem ""moments d'avaluacio"" i que consisteixen en un conjunt d'activitats que son necessaries per al desenvolupament del proces. I basant-nos en l'existencia d'una relacio d'ordre parcial entre els diferents continguts d'un domini curricular, podem tracar un graf dirigit amb diverses cadenes de topics que representen, d'una forma natural, la progressio de l'alumne per assolir el perfil de competencies objectiu. Proposem un nou procediment d'avaluacio continua introduint-hi un model actiu/retroactiu, basat en les cadenes de topics abans esmentades, que afavoreix la identificacio d'aquelles competencies que s'han assolit i tambe de les que no s'han assolit d'una manera adequada. Amb aquesta idea present, suggerim la introduccio d'un impacte retroactiu sobre els coneixements base d'aquestes competencies ja avaluats en la(les) corresponent(-s) cadena(-es) de topics dissenyades. I encara mes, aquest impacte retroactiu podria ser mes rellevant mitjancant la introduccio d'un amplificador d'impacte qualificador com un procediment d'avaluacio continua fonamentat en la major experiencia i coneixement acumulat de l'alumne a mesura que avanca el desenvolupament del curs. En general, qualsevol assignatura es compon de diferents topics i cada topic es desenvolupa mitjancant l'execucio, amb diferent rellevancia, d'una serie d'activitats. Aquestes relacions entre activitats, topics i competencies poden ser representades mitjancant matrius de tres dimensions a les que hem anomenat cuboides ATC. Els cuboides ATC s'implementen mitjancant l'us d'una avaluacio binaria que verifica en les activitats cadascuna de les competencies basiques i les qualifica amb un indicador veritable/fals. Aixi, obtenim una estructura matricial del rendiment de l'alumne en el curs, la qual cosa ens permetra dissenyar estrategies curriculars individualitzades adaptades a les necessitats particulars de cada estudiant amb l'objectiu que assoleixin el nivell requerit en cadascuna de les competencies. Desenvoluparem els esmentats cuboides ATC per a una mostra d'estudiants i els compararem amb els resultats obtinguts amb un metode mes tradicional utilitzat en el grau d'Enginyeria Aeroespacial a l'Escola Tecnica Superior d'Enginyeria del Disseny, ETSED, a la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. "

9 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an adaptation of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) to the thermal engineering studies, the project based learning model, was designed to the ‘Building Energetic Efficiency’ subject of the Research Master.
Abstract: The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) requires the student a more autonomous work. This autonomy is related to the outcome of the self-regulated learning process. The self-regulation involves a self-management skill set coping with any adverse contingency and entails the knowledge of the available abilities and the personal control to put in action those skills. The learning self-regulation serves as a critical process to develop learning to learn competences that enable to transform the mental aptitudes into academic competences. However, it is necessary to make modifications of the learning conditions to achieve it in an adequate way. Thus, the academic authorities should empower skills that facilitate autonomous learning as well as contribute with tools to the student proactivity. In this sense, the problem-based learning is an effective method to facilitate the acquisition of transversal competences. This didactic methodology may be performed in terms of individual or team-based-learning (TBL) that is necessary linked to a teaching-learning open system. An adaptation of the PBL to the thermal engineering studies, the project based learning model, was designed to the ‘Building Energetic Efficiency’ subject of the Research Master.

9 citations


Cites methods from "Tuning Educational Structures in Eu..."

  • ...According to the Tuning project, project-based learning also stmulates other skills such as team work, researching capability and self-regulaton (González, 2003)....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The testing movement in the United States has been a success, if one judges success by the usual American criteria of size, influence, and profitability, but what assumptions is the success of the movement based?
Abstract: The testing movement in the United States has been a success, if one judges success by the usual American criteria of size, influence, and profitability. Intelligence and aptitude tests are used nearly everywhere by schools, colleges, and employers. It is a sign of backwardness not to have test scores in the school records of children. The Educational Testing Service alone employs about 2,000 people, annually administers Scholastic Aptitude Tests to thousands of aspirants to college, and makes enough money to support a large basic research operation. Its tests have tremendous power over the lives of young people by stamping some of them "qualified" and others "less qualified" for college work. Until recent "exceptions" were made (over the protest of some), the tests have served as a very efficient device for screening out black, Spanish-speaking, and other minority applicants to colleges. Admissions officers have protested that they take other qualities besides test achievements into account in granting admission, but careful studies by Wing and Wallach (1971) and others have shown that this is true only to a very limited degree. Why should intelligence or aptitude tests have all this power? What justifies the use of such tests in selecting applicants for college entrance or jobs? On what assumptions is the success of the movement based? They deserve careful examination before we go on rather blindly promoting the use of tests as instruments of power over the lives of many Americans.

3,404 citations


"Tuning Educational Structures in Eu..." refers background in this paper

  • ...7 McClelland 1973....

    [...]

  • ..., MCCLELLAND, D.C. y SPENCER, S.M. (1994): Competency Assesment Methods. History and State of the Art. Hay-McBer Research Press, Boston. THOMAS, Edward, (2000). «Increading lifelong learning in European Higher Education: the challenges and the prospects». In F2000 European Higher Education Expert Forum, Brussels, 24-25 January 2000 UNIVERSITY OF DEUSTO (2000). internal document about competences. VAN DAMME, Dirk (1999). Internationalization and quality assurance: towards worldwide accreditation? Paper commissioned for the IAUP XIIth Triennial Conference, Brussels. VAN DAMME, Dirk (2001). Higher Education in the age of Globalisation: The need for a new regulatory framework for recognition, quality assurance and accreditation. Introductory Paper for the UNESCO Expert Meeting Paris VAN DEN BERGHE, W. (1997). La calidad de la enseñanza y formación profesional en Europa: cuestiones y tendencias. CEDEFOP, Salónica. VARGAS, F.; CASANOVA, F. y MONTANARO, L. (2001). El enfoque de competencia laboral: manual de formación. Montevideo: Cinterfor. VILLA, Aurelio (2001). Marco pedagógico de la Universidad de Deusto....

    [...]

  • ..., MCCLELLAND, D.C. y SPENCER, S.M. (1994): Competency Assesment Methods. History and State of the Art. Hay-McBer Research Press, Boston. THOMAS, Edward, (2000). «Increading lifelong learning in European Higher Education: the challenges and the prospects»....

    [...]

  • ..., MCCLELLAND, D.C. y SPENCER, S.M. (1994): Competency Assesment Methods. History and State of the Art. Hay-McBer Research Press, Boston. THOMAS, Edward, (2000). «Increading lifelong learning in European Higher Education: the challenges and the prospects». In F2000 European Higher Education Expert Forum, Brussels, 24-25 January 2000 UNIVERSITY OF DEUSTO (2000). internal document about competences. VAN DAMME, Dirk (1999). Internationalization and quality assurance: towards worldwide accreditation? Paper commissioned for the IAUP XIIth Triennial Conference, Brussels. VAN DAMME, Dirk (2001). Higher Education in the age of Globalisation: The need for a new regulatory framework for recognition, quality assurance and accreditation. Introductory Paper for the UNESCO Expert Meeting Paris VAN DEN BERGHE, W. (1997). La calidad de la enseñanza y formación profesional en Europa: cuestiones y tendencias. CEDEFOP, Salónica. VARGAS, F.; CASANOVA, F. y MONTANARO, L. (2001). El enfoque de competencia laboral: manual de formación. Montevideo: Cinterfor. VILLA, Aurelio (2001). Marco pedagógico de la Universidad de Deusto. WILLIAMS, Peter (2002). QAA. Council of Universties. Transparency for European Higher Education. Madrid. WRIGHT, P. (1995) Draft paper «Identifying the Notion of Graduateness» HEQC Quality Enhancement Group, London....

    [...]

  • ..., MCCLELLAND, D.C. y SPENCER, S.M. (1994): Competency Assesment Methods. History and State of the Art. Hay-McBer Research Press, Boston. THOMAS, Edward, (2000). «Increading lifelong learning in European Higher Education: the challenges and the prospects». In F2000 European Higher Education Expert Forum, Brussels, 24-25 January 2000 UNIVERSITY OF DEUSTO (2000). internal document about competences. VAN DAMME, Dirk (1999). Internationalization and quality assurance: towards worldwide accreditation? Paper commissioned for the IAUP XIIth Triennial Conference, Brussels. VAN DAMME, Dirk (2001). Higher Education in the age of Globalisation: The need for a new regulatory framework for recognition, quality assurance and accreditation....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The paper emphasizes that statistical methods exist which can contribute to an understanding of the extent and possible reasons for differences between institutions and urges caution by discussing the limitations of such methods.
Abstract: SUMMARY In the light of an increasing interest in the accountability of public institutions, this paper sets out the statistical issues involved in making quantitative comparisons between institutions in the areas of health and education. We deal in detail with the need to take account of model-based uncertainty in making comparisons. We discuss the need to establish appropriate measures of institutional 'outcomes' and base-line measures and the need to exercise care and sensitivity when interpreting apparent differences. The paper emphasizes that statistical methods exist which can contribute to an understanding of the extent and possible reasons for differences between institutions. It also urges caution by discussing the limitations of such methods.

1,051 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that (a) cognitive research is not contrived and irrelevant, (b) curriculum level interventions are doomed to fail and (c) education needs more theory‐based research.
Abstract: In a recent review article, Colliver concluded that there was no convincing evidence that problem-based learning was more effective than conventional methods. He then went on to lay part of the blame on cognitive psychology, claiming that 'the theory is weak, its theoretical concepts are imprecise. the basic research is contrived and ad hoc'. This paper challenges these claims and presents evidence that (a) cognitive research is not contrived and irrelevant, (b) curriculum level interventions are doomed to fail and (c) education needs more theory-based research.

723 citations

Book
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: Time to Heal as discussed by the authors provides a landmark account of American medical education in the twentieth century, concluding with a call for the reformation of a system currently handicapped by managed care and by narrow, self-centered professional interests.
Abstract: Already the recipient of extraordinary critical acclaim, this magisterial book provides a landmark account of American medical education in the twentieth century, concluding with a call for the reformation of a system currently handicapped by managed care and by narrow, self-centered professional interests. Kenneth M. Ludmerer describes the evolution of American medical education from 1910, when a muck-raking report on medical diploma mills spurred the reform and expansion of medical schools, to the current era of managed care, when commercial interests once more have come to the fore, compromising the training of the nation's future doctors. Ludmerer portrays the experience of learning medicine from the perspective of students, house officers, faculty, administrators, and patients, and he traces the immense impact on academic medical centers of outside factors such as World War II, the National Institutes of Health, private medical insurance, and Medicare and Medicaid. Most notably, the book explores the very real threats to medical education in the current environment of managed care, viewing these developments not as a catastrophe but as a challenge to make many long overdue changes in medical education and medical practice. Panoramic in scope, meticulously researched, brilliantly argued, and engagingly written, Time to Heal is both a stunning work of scholarship and a courageous critique of modern medical education. The definitive book on the subject, it provides an indispensable framework for making informed choices about the future of medical education and health care in America.

534 citations