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Journal ArticleDOI

Twenty years of particle image velocimetry

06 Jul 2005-Experiments in Fluids (Springer-Verlag)-Vol. 39, Iss: 2, pp 159-169
TL;DR: The development of the method of particle image velocimetry (PIV) is traced by describing some of the milestones that have enabled new and/or better measurements to be made.
Abstract: The development of the method of particle image velocimetry (PIV) is traced by describing some of the milestones that have enabled new and/or better measurements to be made. The current status of PIV is summarized, and some goals for future advances are addressed.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the 2D digital image correlation (2D DIC) technique for displacement field measurement and strain field estimation is presented, and detailed analyses of the measurement accuracy considering the influences of both experimental conditions and algorithm details are provided.
Abstract: As a practical and effective tool for quantitative in-plane deformation measurement of a planar object surface, two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D DIC) is now widely accepted and commonly used in the field of experimental mechanics. It directly provides full-field displacements to sub-pixel accuracy and full-field strains by comparing the digital images of a test object surface acquired before and after deformation. In this review, methodologies of the 2D DIC technique for displacement field measurement and strain field estimation are systematically reviewed and discussed. Detailed analyses of the measurement accuracy considering the influences of both experimental conditions and algorithm details are provided. Measures for achieving high accuracy deformation measurement using the 2D DIC technique are also recommended. Since microscale and nanoscale deformation measurement can easily be realized by combining the 2D DIC technique with high-spatial-resolution microscopes, the 2D DIC technique should find more applications in broad areas.

2,530 citations

01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this article, cross-correlation methods of interrogation of successive single-exposure frames can be used to measure the separation of pairs of particle images between successive frames, which can be optimized in terms of spatial resolution, detection rate, accuracy and reliability.
Abstract: To improve the performance of particle image velocimetry in measuring instantaneous velocity fields, direct cross-correlation of image fields can be used in place of auto-correlation methods of interrogation of double- or multiple-exposure recordings. With improved speed of photographic recording and increased resolution of video array detectors, cross-correlation methods of interrogation of successive single-exposure frames can be used to measure the separation of pairs of particle images between successive frames. By knowing the extent of image shifting used in a multiple-exposure and by a priori knowledge of the mean flow-field, the cross-correlation of different sized interrogation spots with known separation can be optimized in terms of spatial resolution, detection rate, accuracy and reliability.

1,101 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Dealing with Madin–Darby canine kidney cells on various surfaces, it is found that a sudden release of the available surface is sufficient to trigger collective motility, which is characterized by a duality between collective and individual behaviors.
Abstract: Using an original microfabrication-based technique, we experimentally study situations in which a virgin surface is presented to a confluent epithelium with no damage made to the cells. Although inspired by wound-healing experiments, the situation is markedly different from classical scratch wounding because it focuses on the influence of the free surface and uncouples it from the other possible contributions such as cell damage and/or permeabilization. Dealing with Madin-Darby canine kidney cells on various surfaces, we found that a sudden release of the available surface is sufficient to trigger collective motility. This migration is independent of the proliferation of the cells that mainly takes place on the fraction of the surface initially covered. We find that this motility is characterized by a duality between collective and individual behaviors. On the one hand, the velocity fields within the monolayer are very long range and involve many cells in a coordinated way. On the other hand, we have identified very active "leader cells" that precede a small cohort and destabilize the border by a fingering instability. The sides of the fingers reveal a pluricellular actin "belt" that may be at the origin of a mechanical signaling between the leader and the followers. Experiments performed with autocrine cells constitutively expressing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or in the presence of exogenous HGF show a higher average velocity of the border and no leader.

852 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By quantifying the amount of oil at different locations (wellhead, ocean surface, and atmosphere), it is concluded that just over 2 million barrels of oil (after accounting for containment) and all of the released methane remained in the deep sea.
Abstract: The unprecedented nature of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill required the application of research methods to estimate the rate at which oil was escaping from the well in the deep sea, its disposition after it entered the ocean, and total reservoir depletion. Here, we review what advances were made in scientific understanding of quantification of flow rates during deep sea oil well blowouts. We assess the degree to which a consensus was reached on the flow rate of the well by comparing in situ observations of the leaking well with a time-dependent flow rate model derived from pressure readings taken after the Macondo well was shut in for the well integrity test. Model simulations also proved valuable for predicting the effect of partial deployment of the blowout preventer rams on flow rate. Taken together, the scientific analyses support flow rates in the range of ∼50,000–70,000 barrels/d, perhaps modestly decreasing over the duration of the oil spill, for a total release of ∼5.0 million barrels of oil, not accounting for BP's collection effort. By quantifying the amount of oil at different locations (wellhead, ocean surface, and atmosphere), we conclude that just over 2 million barrels of oil (after accounting for containment) and all of the released methane remained in the deep sea. By better understanding the fate of the hydrocarbons, the total discharge can be partitioned into separate components that pose threats to deep sea vs. coastal ecosystems, allowing responders in future events to scale their actions accordingly.

494 citations


Cites methods from "Twenty years of particle image velo..."

  • ...PIV was originally developed as a laboratory technique to measure a 2D velocity field in a transparent gas or fluid illuminated with a thin sheet of laser light (7)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A class of high-quality SWIR-emissive indium-arsenide-based quantum dots (QDs) that are readily modifiable for various functional imaging applications, and that exhibit narrow and size-tunable emission and a dramatically higher emission quantum yield than previously described SWIR probes are introduced.
Abstract: Functionalized InAs quantum dots emitting in the short-wavelength infrared spectral region enable functional biomedical imaging at unprecedentedly high spatial resolution, deep penetration and fast acquisition speeds.

435 citations

References
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Book
11 Jun 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a practical guide for the planning, performance and understanding of experiments employing the PIV technique, which is primarily intended for engineers, scientists and students, who already have some basic knowledge of fluid mechanics and nonintrusive optical measurement techniques.
Abstract: This practical guide intends to provide comprehensive information on the PIV technique that in the past decade has gained significant popularity throughout engineering and scientific fields involving fluid mechanics. Relevant theoretical background information directly support the practical aspects associated with the planning, performance and understanding of experiments employing the PIV technique. The second edition includes extensive revisions taking into account significant progress on the technique as well as the continuously broadening range of possible applications which are illustrated by a multitude of examples. Among the new topics covered are high-speed imaging, three-component methods, advanced evaluation and post-processing techniques as well as microscopic PIV, the latter made possible by extending the group of authors by an internationally recognized expert. This book is primarily intended for engineers, scientists and students, who already have some basic knowledge of fluid mechanics and non-intrusive optical measurement techniques. It shall guide researchers and engineers to design and perform their experiment successfully without requiring them to first become specialists in the field. Nonetheless many of the basic properties of PIV are provided as they must be well understood before a correct interpretation of the results is possible.

4,811 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the directional ambiguity associated with PIV and LSV is resolved by implementing local spatial cross-correlations between two sequential single-exposed particle images, and the recovered velocity data are used to compute the spatial and temporal vorticity distribution and the circulation of the vortex ring.
Abstract: Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) is the digital counterpart of conventional laser speckle velocitmetry (LSV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. In this novel, two-dimensional technique, digitally recorded video images are analyzed computationally, removing both the photographic and opto-mechanical processing steps inherent to PIV and LSV. The directional ambiguity generally associated with PIV and LSV is resolved by implementing local spatial cross-correlations between two sequential single-exposed particle images. The images are recorded at video rate (30 Hz or slower) which currently limits the application of the technique to low speed flows until digital, high resolution video systems with higher framing rates become more economically feasible. Sequential imaging makes it possible to study unsteady phenomena like the temporal evolution of a vortex ring described in this paper. The spatial velocity measurements are compared with data obtained by direct measurement of the separation of individual particle pairs. Recovered velocity data are used to compute the spatial and temporal vorticity distribution and the circulation of the vortex ring.

1,976 citations


"Twenty years of particle image velo..." refers background in this paper

  • ...But, in the early 1990s, several investigators, most notably Willert and Gharib (1991) and Westerweel (1993), published results indicating that the low resolution of digital cameras was not as serious an issue as others had supposed, and that digital PIV could be accurate enough to provide useful results....

    [...]

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use hot-wire (HW) or laser velocimetry (LV) to estimate the velocity, vorticity, and pressure fields of wake flows.
Abstract: One of the most challenging and time-consuming problems in experimental fluid mechanics is the measurement of the overall flow field properties, such as the velocity, vorticity, and pressure fields. Local measurements of the velocity field (i.e., at individual points) are now done routinely in many experiments using hot-wire (HW) or laser velocimetry (LV). However, many of the flow fields of current interest, such as coherent structures in shear flows or wake flows, are highly unsteady. HW or LV data of such flows are difficult to interpret, as both spatial and temporal information of the entire flow field are required and these methods are commonly limited to simultaneous measurements at only a few spatial locations.

1,798 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An improved digital correlation method is presented for obtaining the full-field in-plane deformations of an object by numerically correlating a selected subset from the digitized intensity pattern of the undeformed object.

1,788 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the measurement principle of digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described in terms of linear system theory and conditions for PIV correlation analysis as a valid interrogation method are determined.
Abstract: The measurement principle of digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described in terms of linear system theory. The conditions for PIV correlation analysis as a valid interrogation method are determined. Limitations of the method arise as consequences of the implementation. The theory is applied to investigate the statistical properties of the analysis and to optimize and improve the measurement performance. The theoretical results comply with results from Monte Carlo simulations and test measurements described in the literature. Examples of both correct and incorrect implementations are given.

1,427 citations