Two-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials for Gas Sensing
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the most recent advancements in utilization of various 2D nanomaterials for gas sensing is provided, where the focus is on the sensing performances provided by devices integrating 2D Nanostructures.
Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures are highly attractive for fabricating nanodevices due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and good compatibility with device design. In recent years 2D nanostructures of various materials including metal oxides, graphene, metal dichalcogenides, phosphorene, BN and MXenes, have demonstrated significant potential for gas sensors. This review aims to provide the most recent advancements in utilization of various 2D nanomaterials for gas sensing. The common methods for the preparation of 2D nanostructures are briefly summarized first. The focus is then placed on the sensing performances provided by devices integrating 2D nanostructures. Strategies for optimizing the sensing features are also discussed. By combining both the experimental results and the theoretical studies available, structure-properties correlations are discussed. The conclusion gives some perspectives on the open challenges and future prospects for engineering advanced 2D nanostructures for high-performance gas sensors devices.
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that 2D metal carbide MXenes, which possess high metallic conductivity for low noise and a fully functionalized surface for a strong signal, greatly outperform the sensitivity of conventional semiconductor channel materials.
Abstract: Achieving high sensitivity in solid-state gas sensors can allow the precise detection of chemical agents. In particular, detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the parts per billion (ppb) level is critical for the early diagnosis of diseases. To obtain high sensitivity, two requirements need to be simultaneously satisfied: (i) low electrical noise and (ii) strong signal, which existing sensor materials cannot meet. Here, we demonstrate that 2D metal carbide MXenes, which possess high metallic conductivity for low noise and a fully functionalized surface for a strong signal, greatly outperform the sensitivity of conventional semiconductor channel materials. Ti3C2Tx MXene gas sensors exhibited a very low limit of detection of 50–100 ppb for VOC gases at room temperature. Also, the extremely low noise led to a signal-to-noise ratio 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of other 2D materials, surpassing the best sensors known. Our results provide insight in utilizing highly functionalized metallic...
979 citations
TL;DR: Key advances in the application of 2D materials, from both a historical and analytical perspective, are summarized for four different groups of analytes: gases, volatile compounds, ions, and biomolecules.
Abstract: Electrically–transduced sensors, with their simplicity and compatibility with standard electronic technologies, produce signals that can be efficiently acquired, processed, stored, and analyzed. Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, including graphene, phosphorene (BP), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and others, have proven to be attractive for the fabrication of high–performance electrically-transduced chemical sensors due to their remarkable electronic and physical properties originating from their 2D structure. This review highlights the advances in electrically-transduced chemical sensing that rely on 2D materials. The structural components of such sensors are described, and the underlying operating principles for different types of architectures are discussed. The structural features, electronic properties, and surface chemistry of 2D nanostructures that dictate their sensing performance are reviewed. Key advances in the application of 2D materials, from both a historical and analytical pers...
443 citations
TL;DR: The controllable thin-film fabrication of an EC-MOF, Cu3 (HHTP)2, by a spray layer-by-layer liquid-phase epitaxial method is reported and the chemiresistor gas sensor based on this high-quality thin film is one of the best room-temperature sensors for NH3 among all reported sensors based on various materials.
Abstract: The utility of electronically conductive metal-organic frameworks (EC-MOFs) in high-performance devices has been limited to date by a lack of high-quality thin film The controllable thin-film fabrication of an EC-MOF, Cu3 (HHTP)2 , (HHTP=2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene), by a spray layer-by-layer liquid-phase epitaxial method is reported The Cu3 (HHTP)2 thin film can not only be precisely prepared with thickness increment of about 2 nm per growing cycle, but also shows a smooth surface, good crystallinity, and high orientation The chemiresistor gas sensor based on this high-quality thin film is one of the best room-temperature sensors for NH3 among all reported sensors based on various materials
359 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of 2D materials-based gas sensor is reported, mainly focused on the recent developments of graphene oxide, exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 and phosphorene, for gas detection applications.
Abstract: After the synthesis of graphene, in the first year of this century, a wide research field on two-dimensional materials opens. 2D materials are characterized by an intrinsic high surface to volume ratio, due to their heights of few atoms, and, differently from graphene, which is a semimetal with zero or near zero bandgap, they usually have a semiconductive nature. These two characteristics make them promising candidate for a new generation of gas sensing devices. Graphene oxide, being an intermediate product of graphene fabrication, has been the first graphene-like material studied and used to detect target gases, followed by MoS2, in the first years of 2010s. Along with MoS2, which is now experiencing a new birth, after its use as a lubricant, other sulfides and selenides (like WS2, WSe2, MoSe2, etc.) have been used for the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices and for gas sensing applications. All these materials show a bandgap, tunable with the number of layers. On the other hand, 2D materials constituted by one atomic species have been synthetized, like phosphorene (one layer of black phosphorous), germanene (one atom thick layer of germanium) and silicone (one atom thick layer of silicon). In this paper, a comprehensive review of 2D materials-based gas sensor is reported, mainly focused on the recent developments of graphene oxide, exfoliated MoS2 and WS2 and phosphorene, for gas detection applications. We will report on their use as sensitive materials for conductometric, capacitive and optical gas sensors, the state of the art and future perspectives.
334 citations
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References
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TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.
Abstract: We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a colloidal suspension of exfoliated graphene oxide sheets in water with hydrazine hydrate results in their aggregation and subsequent formation of a high surface area carbon material which consists of thin graphene-based sheets.
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TL;DR: It is shown that graphene grows in a self-limiting way on copper films as large-area sheets (one square centimeter) from methane through a chemical vapor deposition process, and graphene film transfer processes to arbitrary substrates showed electron mobilities as high as 4050 square centimeters per volt per second at room temperature.
Abstract: Graphene has been attracting great interest because of its distinctive band structure and physical properties. Today, graphene is limited to small sizes because it is produced mostly by exfoliating graphite. We grew large-area graphene films of the order of centimeters on copper substrates by chemical vapor deposition using methane. The films are predominantly single-layer graphene, with a small percentage (less than 5%) of the area having few layers, and are continuous across copper surface steps and grain boundaries. The low solubility of carbon in copper appears to help make this growth process self-limiting. We also developed graphene film transfer processes to arbitrary substrates, and dual-gated field-effect transistors fabricated on silicon/silicon dioxide substrates showed electron mobilities as high as 4050 square centimeters per volt per second at room temperature.
10,663 citations
TL;DR: By using micromechanical cleavage, a variety of 2D crystals including single layers of boron nitride, graphite, several dichalcogenides, and complex oxides are prepared and studied.
Abstract: We report free-standing atomic crystals that are strictly 2D and can be viewed as individual atomic planes pulled out of bulk crystals or as unrolled single-wall nanotubes. By using micromechanical cleavage, we have prepared and studied a variety of 2D crystals including single layers of boron nitride, graphite, several dichalcogenides, and complex oxides. These atomically thin sheets (essentially gigantic 2D molecules unprotected from the immediate environment) are stable under ambient conditions, exhibit high crystal quality, and are continuous on a macroscopic scale.
10,586 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that chemically converted graphene sheets obtained from graphite can readily form stable aqueous colloids through electrostatic stabilization, making it possible to process graphene materials using low-cost solution processing techniques, opening up enormous opportunities to use this unique carbon nanostructure for many technological applications.
Abstract: Graphene sheets offer extraordinary electronic, thermal and mechanical properties and are expected to find a variety of applications. A prerequisite for exploiting most proposed applications for graphene is the availability of processable graphene sheets in large quantities. The direct dispersion of hydrophobic graphite or graphene sheets in water without the assistance of dispersing agents has generally been considered to be an insurmountable challenge. Here we report that chemically converted graphene sheets obtained from graphite can readily form stable aqueous colloids through electrostatic stabilization. This discovery has enabled us to develop a facile approach to large-scale production of aqueous graphene dispersions without the need for polymeric or surfactant stabilizers. Our findings make it possible to process graphene materials using low-cost solution processing techniques, opening up enormous opportunities to use this unique carbon nanostructure for many technological applications.
8,534 citations