Two visual systems.
28 Feb 1969-Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)-Vol. 163, Iss: 3870, pp 895-902
TL;DR: Visual systems of hamster brain, discussing relative visual localization and discrimination blindness produced by ablation of cortical or tectal areas is discussed.
Abstract: Visual systems of hamster brain, discussing relative visual localization and discrimination blindness produced by ablation of cortical or tectal areas
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TL;DR: It is proposed that the ventral stream of projections from the striate cortex to the inferotemporal cortex plays the major role in the perceptual identification of objects, while the dorsal stream projecting from the stripping to the posterior parietal region mediates the required sensorimotor transformations for visually guided actions directed at such objects.
5,878 citations
TL;DR: Five important trends have emerged from recent work on computational models of focal visual attention that emphasize the bottom-up, image-based control of attentional deployment, providing a framework for a computational and neurobiological understanding of visual attention.
Abstract: Five important trends have emerged from recent work on computational models of focal visual attention that emphasize the bottom-up, image-based control of attentional deployment. First, the perceptual saliency of stimuli critically depends on the surrounding context. Second, a unique 'saliency map' that topographically encodes for stimulus conspicuity over the visual scene has proved to be an efficient and plausible bottom-up control strategy. Third, inhibition of return, the process by which the currently attended location is prevented from being attended again, is a crucial element of attentional deployment. Fourth, attention and eye movements tightly interplay, posing computational challenges with respect to the coordinate system used to control attention. And last, scene understanding and object recognition strongly constrain the selection of attended locations. Insights from these five key areas provide a framework for a computational and neurobiological understanding of visual attention.
4,485 citations
Book•
05 Jun 1975
TL;DR: Introduction to synaptic circuits, Gordon M.Shepherd and Christof Koch membrane properties and neurotransmitter actions, David A.Brown and Anthony M.Brown.
Abstract: Introduction to synaptic circuits, Gordon M.Shepherd and Christof Koch membrane properties and neurotransmitter actions, David A.McCormick peripheral ganglia, Paul R.Adams and Christof Koch spinal cord - ventral horn, Robert E.Burke olfactory bulb, Gordon M.Shepherd, and Charles A.Greer retina, Peter Sterling cerebellum, Rodolfo R.Llinas and Kerry D.Walton thalamus, S.Murray Sherman and Christof Koch basal ganglia, Charles J.Wilson olfactory cortex, Lewis B.Haberly hippocampus, Thomas H.Brown and Anthony M.Zador neocortex, Rodney J.Douglas and Kevan A.C.Martin Gordon M.Shepherd. Appendix: Dendretic electrotonus and synaptic integration.
3,241 citations
TL;DR: The sections in this article are: Essence of Prefrontal Function: Regulation of Behavior by Representational Knowledge, Multiple Subsystems of Pre Frontal Cortex: Unity or Diversity of Function, and Functional Speculations.
Abstract: The sections in this article are:
1
Essence of Prefrontal Function: Regulation of Behavior by Representational Knowledge
11
Subdivisions of Prefrontal Cortex
12
Global Nature of Prefrontal Syndrome in Humans
13
Animal Model for Prefrontal Function in Humans
14
Delayed-Response Tests and Varying Interpretations of Their Functional Significance
15
Distractability and Perseveration: Secondary Consequences of Basic Defect in Representational Memory
16
Representational Memory in Wisconsin Card Sort and Other Diagnostic Tests of Prefrontal Function in Humans
17
Localization of Delayed-Response Function: Principal Sulcus
18
Circuit Basis of Visuospatial Functions
2
Accessing and “On-Line” Processing of Representations in Visuospatial Domain: Parietal-Prefrontal Connections
21
Visuospatial Representational Memory in Humans
22
Spatial-Mnemonic Nature of Delayed-Response Deficit: Domain-Specific Memory Loss
23
Topography of Representational Memory in Prefrontal Cortex
24
Electrophysiological Evidence of Spatial-Mnemonic Processes in Principal Sulcus
25
Parietal-Prefrontal Connectivity
26
Columnar and Laminar Framework for Feedforward and Feedback Mechanisms
27
Functional Significance of Parietal-Prefrontal Collaboration
3
Long-Term Memory and “Off-Line” Processing: Prefrontal-Limbic Connections
31
Role of Hippocampus in Spatial Memory
32
Multiple Connections Between Principal Sulcus and Hippocampal Formation
33
Quadripartite Neural Network: Parietal-Temporal-Cingulate-Prefrontal Circuit
34
Limbic Contribution to Spatial Memory
4
Response Initiation and Inhibition: Projections to Striatum, Tectum, Thalamus, and Premotor Cortex
41
Motor-Control Functions of Prefrontal Cortex
42
Cortical-Striatal Pathway and Related Feedback Loops
43
Cortical-Tectal Pathway
44
Thalamic-Cortical Systems
45
Prefrontal-Premotor Connections: Anterior Supplementary Motor Cortex Relays
46
Functional Speculations
5
Modulatory Mechanisms: Brain Stem Catecholamine Projections
51
Activation of Cognitive Machinery
52
Concentration and Synthesis of Catecholamines in Primate Cortex
53
Brain Stem Innervation of Prefrontal Cortex
54
Delayed-Response Deficits and Recovery Produced by Catecholamine Loss and Replacement in Prefrontal Cortex
55
Circuit Basis for Neuromodulation in Principal Sulcus
6
Multiple Subsystems of Prefrontal Cortex: Unity or Diversity of Function
61
Unity or Diversity of Prefrontal Function
62
Frontal Eye Fields
63
Inferior Convexity
64
Orbital Prefrontal Cortices
65
Problem of Integration
7
Diseases Affecting Prefrontal Cortex
71
Schizophrenia: Loss of Corticocortical Processing and Regulation of Behavior by Representational Knowledge
72
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Loss of Thalamocortical and Brain Stem Modulatory Mechanisms
73
Huntington's Chorea and Parkinson's Disease: Loss of Prefrontal-Striatal Mechanisms and Initiation or Inhibition of Motor Response
74
Overview of Neurobiology of Disease
8
Summary
1,923 citations
TL;DR: Central nervous pathways controlling bird son in the canary are traced using a combination of behavioral and anatomical techniques and direct connections were found onto the cells of the motor nucleus innervating the syrinx, the organ of song production.
Abstract: We have traced central nervous pathways controlling bird son in the canary using a combination of behavioral and anatomical techniques. Unilateral electrolytic brain lesions were made in adult male canaries whose son had been previously recorded and analysed on a sound spectrograph. After severral days of postoperative recording, the birds were sacrificed and their brains processed histologically for degeneration staining with the Fink-Heimer technique. Although large lesions in the neostriatum and rostral hyperstriatum had no effect on song, severe song deficits followed damage to a discrete large-celled area in the caudal hyperstriatum ventrale (HVc). Degenerating fibers were traced from this region to two other discrete nuclei in the forebrain: one in the parolfactory lobe (area X, a teardrop-shaped small-celled nucleus) and a round large-celled nucleus in the archistriatum (RA). Unilateral lesions of X had no effect on song; lesions of RA, however, caused severe song deficits. Degenerating fibers from RA joined the occipitomesencephalic tract and had widespread ipsilateral projections to the thalamus, nucleus intercollicularis of the midbrain, reticular formation, and medulla. It is of particular interest that direct connections were found onto the cells of the motor nucleus innervating the syrinx, the organ of song production. Unilateral lesions of n. intercollicularis (previously implicated in the control of vocal behavior) had little effect on song.
One bilateral lesion of HVc resulted in permanent (9 months) and complete elimination of the audible components of song, although the bird assumed the posture and movements typical of song. Preliminary data suggest that lesions of the left hemisphere result in greater deficits than lesions of the right one. This finding is consistent with earlier reports that the left syrinx controls the majority of song components. Results reported here suggest a localization of vocal control in the canary brain with an overlying left hemispheric dominance.
1,664 citations
References
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TL;DR: This paper would never have been written without Professor Zangwill’s urging, and I am grateful to him for having brought me to a more careful review of the older literature and a more precise statement of my own ideas.
Abstract: As I have pointed out earlier, when I met Oliver Zangwill in 1961 at a meeting on dyslexia in Baltimore, he listened patiently to the exposition of my ideas on the significance of the cortico-cortical connections for the higher functions. A short time later, while on a trip to Boston, he suggested to me that I should prepare an extended account of these ideas. This paper would never have been written without Professor Zangwill’s urging, and I am grateful to him for having brought me to a more careful review of the older literature and a more precise statement of my own ideas. Although Russell Brain, who was then the editor of Brain, had some misgivings about the section on philosophical implications he agreed to take the manuscript unchanged.
3,109 citations
TL;DR: The original, non-suppressive Natua method for impregenation of terminal degeneration has been modified by the introduction of a potassium permanganate-uranyl nitrate sequence, resulting in a selective impregnation of degenarated axons inclusive of their synaptic thickenings.
1,669 citations
1,601 citations
1,018 citations
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: The visual mechanisms of the brain are examined to test the idea that vision involves two parallel processes; one ambient, determining space at large around the body, the other focal which examines detail in small areas of space.
Abstract: Experiments with split-brain monkeys led me to consider that vision of space and vision of object identity may be subserved by anatomically distinct brain mechanisms. In this paper I examine the visual mechanisms of the brain to test the idea that vision involves two parallel processes; one ambient, determining space at large around the body, the other focal which examines detail in small areas of space.
827 citations