Ultrafine particle emissions from desktop 3D printers
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on measurements of size-resolved and total ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations resulting from the operation of two types of commercially available desktop 3D printers inside a commercial office space.
About: This article is published in Atmospheric Environment.The article was published on 2013-11-01 and is currently open access. It has received 376 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Ultrafine particle.
Citations
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TL;DR: There is potential for microplastics to impact human health, and assessing current exposure levels and burdens is key to guide future research into the potential mechanisms of toxicity and hence therein possible health effects.
Abstract: Microplastics are a pollutant of environmental concern Their presence in food destined for human consumption and in air samples has been reported Thus, microplastic exposure via diet or inhalation could occur, the human health effects of which are unknown The current review article draws upon cross-disciplinary scientific literature to discuss and evaluate the potential human health impacts of microplastics and outlines urgent areas for future research Key literature up to September 2016 relating to accumulation, particle toxicity, and chemical and microbial contaminants was critically examined Although microplastics and human health is an emerging field, complementary existing fields indicate potential particle, chemical and microbial hazards If inhaled or ingested, microplastics may accumulate and exert localized particle toxicity by inducing or enhancing an immune response Chemical toxicity could occur due to the localized leaching of component monomers, endogenous additives, and adsorbed enviro
1,515 citations
Cites background from "Ultrafine particle emissions from d..."
...(18) The reduction in size – both 57 purposefully and due to environmental degradation - may induce unique particle 58 characteristics, which could influence their potential toxicity....
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TL;DR: The most relevant sources of nanoplastics are described and some insights into their fate once released into the environment are offered, including the most prominent effects of these small particulates, while identifying the key challenges scientists currently face in the research of nanopLastics in the environment.
699 citations
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...5 nm–116 nm) (Stephens et al., 2013), and, currently soldwithout any exhaust or filtration accessory, precautionary measures should be taken when operat-...
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...…now widely accessible for rapid prototyping and small-scale manufacturing, has been reported as a source of ultrafine particles (11.5 nm–116 nm) (Stephens et al., 2013), and, currently soldwithout any exhaust or filtration accessory, precautionary measures should be taken when operating these…...
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TL;DR: Because of the recent threat of microplastics to marine biota as well as on human health, it is important to control excessive use of plastic additives and to introduce certain legislations and policies to regulate the sources of plastic litter.
Abstract: Human populations are using oceans as their household dustbins, and microplastic is one of the components which are not only polluting shorelines but also freshwater bodies globally. Microplastics are generally referred to particles with a size lower than 5 mm. These microplastics are tiny plastic granules and used as scrubbers in cosmetics, hand cleansers, air-blasting. These contaminants are omnipresent within almost all marine environments at present. The durability of plastics makes it highly resistant to degradation and through indiscriminate disposal they enter in the aquatic environment. Today, it is an issue of increasing scientific concern because these microparticles due to their small size are easily accessible to a wide range of aquatic organisms and ultimately transferred along food web. The chronic biological effects in marine organisms results due to accumulation of microplastics in their cells and tissues. The potential hazardous effects on humans by alternate ingestion of microparticles can cause alteration in chromosomes which lead to infertility, obesity, and cancer. Because of the recent threat of microplastics to marine biota as well as on human health, it is important to control excessive use of plastic additives and to introduce certain legislations and policies to regulate the sources of plastic litter. By setup various plastic recycling process or promoting plastic awareness programmes through different social and information media, we will be able to clean our sea dustbin in future.
528 citations
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...…use of polymeric nanoparticles and nanocapsules for drug delivery and thermal cutting of PS foam are also responsible for release of nanoplastics (~ 20–220 nm) and ultrafine polymer particles (11.5–116 nm) in the atmosphere (Zhang et al. 2012; Pohlmann et al. 2013; Stephens et al. 2013)....
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01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: A review on sources, effects and hazards of nanoplastics can be found in this paper, with an increasing focus on microplastic particles in the <100 nm size range as defined earlier for nanomaterials (here referred to as ‘nanoplastics’).
Abstract: A growing body of literature reports on the abundance and effects of plastic debris, with an increasing focus on microplastic particles smaller than 5 mm. It has often been suggested that plastic particles in the <100 nm size range as defined earlier for nanomaterials (here referred to as ‘nanoplastics’), may be emitted to or formed in the aquatic environment. Nanoplastics is probably the least known area of marine litter but potentially also the most hazardous. This paper provides the first review on sources, effects and hazards of nanoplastics. Detection methods are in an early stage of development and to date no nanoplastics have actually been detected in natural aquatic systems. Various sources of nanoplastics have been suggested such as release from products or nanofragmentation of larger particles. Nanoplastic fate studies for rivers show an important role for sedimentation of heteroaggregates, similar to that for non-polymer nanomaterials. Some prognostic effect studies have been performed but effect thresholds seem higher than nanoplastic concentrations expected in the environment. The high surface area of nanoplastics may imply that toxic chemicals are retained by nanoplastics, possibly increasing overall hazard. Release of non-polymer nanomaterial additives from small product fragments may add to the hazard of nanoplastics. Because of the presence of such co-contaminants, effect studies with nanoplastics pose some specific practical challenges. We conclude that hazards of nanoplastics are plausible yet unclear, which calls for a thorough evaluation of nanoplastic sources, fate and effects.
457 citations
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...3-D printing has been shown to emit nanometre-sized polymer particles, in the range of ~11– 116 nm, at considerable rates (Stephens et al. 2013)....
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...D printing has been shown to emit nanometre-sized polymer particles, in the range of ~11– 116 nm, at considerable rates (Stephens et al. 2013)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the mechanical behaviour of FDM parts by the classical laminate theory (CLT) and experimentally measure the values of the elastic modulus in the longitudinal and transverse directions to the fibre (E1, E2), the Poisson's modulus (ν12), and the shear modulus(G12) in order to reach this objective.
316 citations
References
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TL;DR: Results of older bio-kinetic studies with NSPs and newer epidemiologic and toxicologic studies with airborne ultrafine particles can be viewed as the basis for the expanding field of nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices.
Abstract: Although humans have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles (NSPs; < 100 nm) throughout their evolutionary stages, such exposure has increased dramatically over the last century due to anthropogenic sources. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source through inhalation, ingestion, skin uptake, and injection of engineered nanomaterials. Information about safety and potential hazards is urgently needed. Results of older bio-kinetic studies with NSPs and newer epidemiologic and toxicologic studies with airborne ultrafine particles can be viewed as the basis for the expanding field of nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices. Collectively, some emerging concepts of nanotoxicology can be identified from the results of these studies. When inhaled, specific sizes of NSPs are efficiently deposited by diffusional mechanisms in all regions of the respiratory tract. The small size facilitates uptake into cells and transcytosis across epithelial and endothelial cells into the blood and lymph circulation to reach potentially sensitive target sites such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and heart. Access to the central nervous system and ganglia via translocation along axons and dendrites of neurons has also been observed. NSPs penetrating the skin distribute via uptake into lymphatic channels. Endocytosis and biokinetics are largely dependent on NSP surface chemistry (coating) and in vivo surface modifications. The greater surface area per mass compared with larger-sized particles of the same chemistry renders NSPs more active biologically. This activity includes a potential for inflammatory and pro-oxidant, but also antioxidant, activity, which can explain early findings showing mixed results in terms of toxicity of NSPs to environmentally relevant species. Evidence of mitochondrial distribution and oxidative stress response after NSP endocytosis points to a need for basic research on their interactions with subcellular structures. Additional considerations for assessing safety of engineered NSPs include careful selections of appropriate and relevant doses/concentrations, the likelihood of increased effects in a compromised organism, and also the benefits of possible desirable effects. An interdisciplinary team approach (e.g., toxicology, materials science, medicine, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, to name a few) is mandatory for nanotoxicology research to arrive at an appropriate risk assessment.
7,092 citations
"Ultrafine particle emissions from d..." refers background in this paper
...In addition to sizeresolved measurements, we also describe total UFPs as the sum of the first eight particle size bins smaller than 100 nm, per existing nomenclature in the field (Oberdörster et al., 2005)....
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Book•
27 Jul 1982
TL;DR: Properties of Gases Uniform Particle Motion Particle size Statistics Straight-Line Acceleration and Curvilinear Particle motion Adhesion of Particles Brownian Motion and Diffusion Thermal and Radiometric Forces Filtration Sampling and Measurement of Concentration Respiratory Deposition Coagulation Condensation and Evaporation Atmospheric Aerosols Electrical Properties Optical Properties Bulk Motion of aerosols Dust Explosions Bioaerosols Microscopic measurement of Particle Size Production of Test aerosols Appendices Index Index
Abstract: Properties of Gases Uniform Particle Motion Particle Size Statistics Straight-Line Acceleration and Curvilinear Particle Motion Adhesion of Particles Brownian Motion and Diffusion Thermal and Radiometric Forces Filtration Sampling and Measurement of Concentration Respiratory Deposition Coagulation Condensation and Evaporation Atmospheric Aerosols Electrical Properties Optical Properties Bulk Motion of Aerosols Dust Explosions Bioaerosols Microscopic Measurement of Particle Size Production of Test Aerosols Appendices Index
5,208 citations
"Ultrafine particle emissions from d..." refers background in this paper
...UFPs are particularly relevant from a health perspective because they deposit efficiently in both the pulmonary and alveolar regions of the lung (Hinds, 1999; Chalupa et al., 2004), as well as in head airways....
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Book•
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: Aerosol Technology, Second Edition as mentioned in this paper is the #1 guide to aerosol science and technology and has been the text of choice among students and professionals who need to acquire a thorough working knowledge of modern aerosol theory and applications.
Abstract: The #1 guide to aerosol science and technology -now better than everSince 1982, Aerosol Technology has been the text of choice among students and professionals who need to acquire a thorough working knowledge of modern aerosol theory and applications. Now revised to reflect the considerable advances that have been made over the past seventeen years across a broad spectrum of aerosol-related application areas - from occupational hygiene and biomedical technology to microelectronics and pollution control -this new edition includes:* A chapter on bioaerosols* New sections on resuspension, transport losses, respiratory deposition models, and fractal characterization of particles* Expanded coverage of atmospheric aerosols, including background aerosols and urban aerosols* A section on the impact of aerosols on global warming and ozone depletion.Aerosol Technology, Second Edition also features dozens of new, fully worked examples drawn from a wide range of industrial and research settings, plus new chapter-end practice problems to help readers master the material quickly.
3,237 citations
TL;DR: This chapter is a critical review of biodegradation, biocompatibility and tissue/material interactions, and selected examples of PLA and PLGA microsphere controlled release systems, and emphasis is placed on polymer and microSphere characteristics which modulate the degradation behaviour and the foreign body reaction to the microspheres.
2,351 citations
"Ultrafine particle emissions from d..." refers background in this paper
..., 1994); however, PLA is known for its biocompatibility and PLA nanoparticles are widely used in drug delivery (Anderson and Shive, 1997; Hans and Lowman, 2002)....
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TL;DR: The study concludes that the central nervous system (CNS) can be targeted by airborne solid ultrafine particles and that the most likely mechanism is from deposits on the olfactory mucosa of the nasopharyngeal region of the respiratory tract and subsequent translocation via the Olfactory nerve.
Abstract: Ultrafine particles (UFP, particles <100 nm) are ubiquitous in ambient urban and indoor air from multiple sources and may contribute to adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects of particulate...
2,237 citations
"Ultrafine particle emissions from d..." refers background in this paper
...Deposition in head airways can also lead to translocation to the brain via the olfactory nerve (Oberdörster et al., 2004)....
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