Ultrahigh strain and piezoelectric behavior in relaxor based ferroelectric single crystals
15 Aug 1997-Journal of Applied Physics (American Institute of Physics)-Vol. 82, Iss: 4, pp 1804-1811
TL;DR: In this article, the piezoelectric properties of relaxor based ferroelectric single crystals, such as Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 and PbTiO3, were investigated for electromechanical actuators.
Abstract: The piezoelectric properties of relaxor based ferroelectric single crystals, such as Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 were investigated for electromechanical actuators. In contrast to polycrystalline materials such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, morphotropic phase boundary compositions were not essential for high piezoelectric strain. Piezoelectric coefficients (d33’s)>2500 pC/N and subsequent strain levels up to >0.6% with minimal hysteresis were observed. Crystallographically, high strains are achieved for 〈001〉 oriented rhombohedral crystals, although 〈111〉 is the polar direction. Ultrahigh strain levels up to 1.7%, an order of magnitude larger than those available from conventional piezoelectric and electrostrictive ceramics, could be achieved being related to an E-field induced phase transformation. High electromechanical coupling (k33)>90% and low dielectric loss <1%, along with large strain make these crystals promising candidates for high performance solid state actuators.
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TL;DR: It is shown that prestraining the film further improves the performance of electrical actuators made from films of dielectric elastomers coated on both sides with compliant electrode material.
Abstract: Electrical actuators were made from films of dielectric elastomers (such as silicones) coated on both sides with compliant electrode material. When voltage was applied, the resulting electrostatic forces compressed the film in thickness and expanded it in area, producing strains up to 30 to 40%. It is now shown that prestraining the film further improves the performance of these devices. Actuated strains up to 117% were demonstrated with silicone elastomers, and up to 215% with acrylic elastomers using biaxially and uniaxially prestrained films. The strain, pressure, and response time of silicone exceeded those of natural muscle; specific energy densities greatly exceeded those of other field-actuated materials. Because the actuation mechanism is faster than in other high-strain electroactive polymers, this technology may be suitable for diverse applications.
2,969 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, general guidelines for the development of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are presented, ranging from atom to phase diagram, and the current development stage in lead free piezoceramics is then critically assessed.
Abstract: A large body of work has been reported in the last 5 years on the development of lead-free piezoceramics in the quest to replace lead–zirconate–titanate (PZT) as the main material for electromechanical devices such as actuators, sensors, and transducers. In specific but narrow application ranges the new materials appear adequate, but are not yet suited to replace PZT on a broader basis. In this paper, general guidelines for the development of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are presented. Suitable chemical elements are selected first on the basis of cost and toxicity as well as ionic polarizability. Different crystal structures with these elements are then considered based on simple concepts, and a variety of phase diagrams are described with attractive morphotropic phase boundaries, yielding good piezoelectric properties. Finally, lessons from density functional theory are reviewed and used to adjust our understanding based on the simpler concepts. Equipped with these guidelines ranging from atom to phase diagram, the current development stage in lead-free piezoceramics is then critically assessed.
2,510 citations
TL;DR: It is predicted that the single-crystal form of the MPB composition of the present system may reach a giant d(33) = 1500-2000 pC/N, which may provide a new recipe for designing highly piezoelectric materials (both Pb-free and P b-containing) by searching MPBs starting from a TCP.
Abstract: We report a non-Pb piezoelectric ceramic system Ba(Ti(0.8)Zr(0.2))O(3)-(Ba(0.7)Ca(0.3))TiO(3) which shows a surprisingly high piezoelectric coefficient of d(33) approximately 620 pC/N at optimal composition. Its phase diagram shows a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) starting from a tricritical triple point of a cubic paraelectric phase (C), ferroelectric rhombohedral (R), and tetragonal (T) phases. The high piezoelectricity of the MPB compositions stems from the composition proximity of the MPB to the tricritical triple point, which leads to a nearly vanishing polarization anisotropy and thus facilitates polarization rotation between 001T and 111R states. We predict that the single-crystal form of the MPB composition of the present system may reach a giant d(33) = 1500-2000 pC/N. Our work may provide a new recipe for designing highly piezoelectric materials (both Pb-free and Pb-containing) by searching MPBs starting from a TCP.
2,197 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the current state of development in the application of ferroelectric thin films for electronic devices and discuss the physics relevant for the performance and failure of these devices.
Abstract: This review covers important advances in recent years in the physics of thin-film ferroelectric oxides, the strongest emphasis being on those aspects particular to ferroelectrics in thin-film form. The authors introduce the current state of development in the application of ferroelectric thin films for electronic devices and discuss the physics relevant for the performance and failure of these devices. Following this the review covers the enormous progress that has been made in the first-principles computational approach to understanding ferroelectrics. The authors then discuss in detail the important role that strain plays in determining the properties of epitaxial thin ferroelectric films. Finally, this review ends with a look at the emerging possibilities for nanoscale ferroelectrics, with particular emphasis on ferroelectrics in nonconventional nanoscale geometries.
1,908 citations
TL;DR: Ferroelectric, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and ceramics are reviewed with the aim of providing an insight into different processes which may affect the behaviour of Ferroelectric devices.
Abstract: Ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and ceramics are reviewed with the aim of providing an insight into different processes which may affect the behaviour of ferroelectric devices, such as ferroelectric memories and micro-electro-mechanical systems. Taking into consideration recent advances in this field, topics such as polarization switching, polarization fatigue, effects of defects, depletion layers, and depolarization fields on hysteresis loop behaviour, and contributions of domain-wall displacement to dielectric and piezoelectric properties are discussed. An introduction into dielectric, pyroelectric, piezoelectric and elastic properties of ferroelectric materials, symmetry considerations, coupling of electro-mechanical and thermal properties, and definitions of relevant ferroelectric phenomena are provided.
1,835 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the dielectric, piezoelectric and elastic properties of 0.91(PbZn1/3Nb2/3)O3−0.09PbTiO3 single crystals have been investigated as functions of temperature and applied electric field.
Abstract: The dielectric, piezoelectric and elastic properties of 0.91(PbZn1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.09PbTiO3 single crystals have been investigated as functions of temperature and applied electric field. Two multiple phase transitions at 68°C and 178°C, the crystal changing from the rhombohedral ferroelectric phase to tetragonal ferroelectric and then to cubic paraelectric, have been observed. Both the transitions are of first-order, but both are slightly diffused. Significant increases in the dielectric, piezoelectric and elastic constants are observed at the lower transition point. In particular, the sample poled along the pseudo-cubic [001] axis reveals anomalously large piezoelectric and electro-mechanical coupling constants at room temperature in the rhombohedral phase (d[001]//=1500×10-12 C/N, k[001]//=0.92).
900 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two successive phase transitions, changing the crystal symmetry from rhombohedral to tetragonal, and then to cubic on a heating process, have been investigated in the Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystals with the composition near the morphotropic phase boundary.
Abstract: Two successive phase transitions, changing the crystal symmetry from rhombohedral to tetragonal, and then to cubic on a heating process, have been investigated in the Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystals with the composition near the morphotropic phase boundary. The existence of the morphotropic phase boundary has been confirmed by measuring the dielectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric constant. Anomalously large electromechanical and piezoelectric constants are observed on the morphotropic phase boundary.
564 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, single crystals in the lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate-(1−x) Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3)O3-(x), PbTiO3 solid solution system were grown using a flux growth technique.
Abstract: Single crystals in the lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate-(1−x) Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3)O3-(x) PbTiO3 solid solution system were grown using a flux growth technique. Crystals over the compositional range of 0.3 ≤ ′ ≤ 0.4 being near the rhombohedra1 (pseudo-cubic)-tetragonal morphotropic phase boundary were characterized. The dielectric behavior along the pseudo cubic [111] and [100] directions were measured as a function of temperature and frequency. The effect of poling was also examined.
458 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a classification of complex lead perovskites is presented based on the relative scale of long-range cation order, and the implications of Cation order in relation to relaxor and normal ferroelectric behavior are discussed.
Abstract: From a number of studies on ferroelectric and related materials based on complex lead perovskites [Pb(Bx′B1−x″)O3], it is apparent that the B-site cation order influences the crystallography, phase transitions, and other physical properties. A classification of complex lead perovskites is presented based on the relative scale of long-range cation order. In particular, we discuss the implications of cation order in relation to relaxor and normal ferroelectric behavior.
317 citations