Ultrasonic solvent extraction of pesticides from soil
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used thin-layer chromatography on RP-18 plates to extract atrazine, propham, chlorpropham and diflubenzuron from soil.
About: This article is published in Journal of Chromatography A.The article was published on 1998-10-09. It has received 148 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Extraction (chemistry) & Sonication.
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TL;DR: In this article, the applications of ultrasound as auxiliary energy for accelerating leaching processes are reviewed to alert analysts to its advantages, and the widely used batch systems are compared with dynamic systems, the use of which is still very rare.
Abstract: The applications of ultrasound as auxiliary energy for accelerating leaching processes are reviewed to alert analysts to its advantages. The widely used batch systems are compared with dynamic systems, the use of which is still very rare. Comparison of ultrasound-assisted leaching with other sorts of leaching, such as Soxhlet, microwave-assisted and supercritical fluid extraction, shows the potential of ultrasound for leaching in a number of areas.
469 citations
TL;DR: The developed extraction procedures resulted in good repeatability and reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 13% for all the tested compounds for both types of samples, and the developed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of the target compounds in real samples.
315 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that optimum conditions for extraction power of 60W, extraction temperature of 60°C, extraction time of 20min and ratio of water to raw material of 15:1 (ml/g) showed that UAE had the largest yield of polysaccharides.
305 citations
TL;DR: Compared the removal efficiency of water, two synthetic surfactants, sodium dodecylsulphate and Triton X-100, and a solution of a natural surfactant, a humic acid (HA) at its critical micelle concentration (CMC) revealed very similar efficiencies in the removal of the contaminants from the soils.
230 citations
Cites background from "Ultrasonic solvent extraction of pe..."
...…mainly present on the surfaces of macroaggregates, whereas ultrasonic vibrations, by exerting a disaggregation energy on the macroaggregates (Babic et al., 1998; Martens et al., 2002), could also expose to solubilization the pollutants adsorbed on the surfaces of the inner fine particles....
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...Hence, the soxhlet extraction, based simply on temperature, could only wash away the fraction of contaminants mainly present on the surfaces of macroaggregates, whereas ultrasonic vibrations, by exerting a disaggregation energy on the macroaggregates (Babic et al., 1998; Martens et al., 2002), could also expose to solubilization the pollutants adsorbed on the surfaces of the inner fine particles....
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TL;DR: The proposed GC-FPD method showed good linearity over the range assayed and the detection limits for the pesticides studied varied from 0.1 to 0.5μgkg(-1).
153 citations
References
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TL;DR: A broad selection of the most common, recent and emerging isolation, clean-up and concentration techniques used to prepare samples for chromatographic separations are reviewed in this article, where a broad range of techniques are presented.
135 citations
TL;DR: The distribution and dissipation of alachlor [2-Chloro-2',6'-diethylN-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6 isopropylamino -1,3,5 triazine), and metribuzin [4-amino6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] in soil were studied in 1990
Abstract: The distribution and dissipation of alachlor [2-Chloro-2',6'-diethylN-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6 isopropylamino-1,3,5 triazine), and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] in soil were studied in 1990, 1991, and 1992. Crop management practices included four tillage methods-chisel plow, moldboard plow, no-till, and ridge-till-and two crop rotations-continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and a corn-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. All herbicides were broadcast-spray applied with no incorporation. No-till plots had the smallest amounts of alachlor and metrihuzin, whereas ridge-till plots had the smallest amounts of atrazine. Moldhoard-plow plots usually contained the highest amounts of all three herbicides, although ridge- till plots had the highest metribuzin levels in 1992. These differences were seldom significant at the 0.05 level of probability, however. Throughout the growing season, 50 to 84% of the alachlor and metribuzin were retained in the top 10-cm layer of soil, and at least 68% of the atrazine was retained in the top 20 cm. From 84 to 98% of the herbicide applied was lost each year, probably by microbial degradation and, for alachlor, by volatilization after application. First-order half-fives were 36 d for alachlor, 55 d for atrazine, and 32 d for metribuzin. A two-compartment model better fitting the alachlor data returned a half-life of 24 d for that herbicide
65 citations
TL;DR: A selective review of techniques used for the detection, separation, determination and identification of pesticide residues in various environmental samples, focusing mainly on stationary phases, mobile phases, detectors and TLC techniques is presented.
14 citations