Ultrasonic Waveguide Sensors for Measurements in Process Industries
01 Oct 2018-
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of ultrasonic waveguide-based sensing for industrial applications is discussed, where the measurement of E and G moduli of materials as a function of temperature over a wide range of materials will be demonstrated.
Abstract: Ultrasonic waveguide-based sensing, that permit robust measurements and sensing, is discussed in this paper. The use of ultrasonic guided waves has several advantages including remote measurements, multi-modal nature allowing for measurement of different parameters, small footprint, low cost, multi-point measurements on the same waveguide and most importantly robustness. These inherent qualities of ultrasonic waveguide-based sensing are particularly useful in industrial applications. One of the key applications that will be described will be the measurement of E and G moduli of materials as a function of temperature over a wide range of materials will be demonstrated. Knowing the moduli as a function of temperature, the measurement of physical properties such as temperature, rheology, fluid level, etc. of the surrounding fluid material can be accomplished using several embodiments of the waveguides using the fundamental wave modes such as L(0,1), T(0,1) and F(1.1). In addition, it will be shown that under sodium imaging in large plant conditions can be performed using ultrasonic waveguides using the A0 modes.
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TL;DR: In this article, a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric transducer is used to excite ultrasonic shear waves and a solid stainless steel waveguide is selected to confine the ultrasonic wave propagation path, the shape and dimensions of the waveguide were theoretically optimized and numerically simulated to propagate robust, non-dispersive wave, and protect the fragile PZT from high temperature.
Abstract: This article presents a very precise approach to measuring temperature in a wide temperature range using ultrasonic waves. A lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric transducer is used to excite ultrasonic shear waves and a solid stainless steel waveguide is selected to confine the ultrasonic wave propagation path. The shape and dimensions of the waveguide were theoretically optimized and numerically simulated to propagate robust, non-dispersive wave, and protect the fragile PZT from high temperature. Ultrasonic wave velocity is highly temperature dependent. The travelling time of wavepacket along the waveguide exhibits a corresponding relationship with the average temperature at measurement zone of the waveguide. Detailed experimental verification and validation processes, together with a calibration stage, were conducted up to 200°C, a temperature that is on par with the operating range of the resistance temperature detector (RTD) used for calibration. Stability test demonstrated that our technique attains a high accuracy (i.e. ±0.1%) which is comparable with the highest precision standard of commercial RTDs along the calibrated temperature range. Temperature tracking test was operated to unfold the temperature measuring and tracking capability of the ultrasonic wave technique in different liquids. This ultrasonic technique is robust and customizable, hence providing a promising alternative for accurate and stable contact thermometry.
7 citations
Cites background from "Ultrasonic Waveguide Sensors for Me..."
...The concept of acoustic waveguides has been developed and reported in [5]–[9], [13], [15]–[17] due to the requirement for separating ultrasonic...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the simultaneous generation of multiple fundamental ultrasonic guided wave modes (L(0, 1, T, 0, 1), and F(1, 1) on a thin wire-like waveguide and its interactions with liquid loading in different attenuation dispersion regimes.
Abstract: This paper reports the simultaneous generation of multiple fundamental ultrasonic guided wave modes L(0,1), T(0,1), and F(1,1) on a thin wire-like waveguide (SS-308L) and its interactions with liquid loading in different attenuation dispersion regimes. An application towards liquid level measurements using these dispersion effects was also demonstrated. The finite element method (FEM) was used to understand the mode behavior and their dispersion effects at different operating frequencies and subsequently validated with experiments. In addition, the ideal configuration for the simultaneous generation of at least two modes (L(0,1), T(0,1), or F(1,1)) is reported. These modes were transmitted/received simultaneously on the waveguide by an ultrasonic shear wave transducer aligned at 0°/45°/90° to the waveguide axis. Level measurement experiments were performed in deionized water and the flexural mode F(1,1) was observed to have distinct dispersion effects at various frequency ranges (i.e., >250 kHz, >500 kHz, and >1000 kHz). The shift in time of flight (TOF) and the central frequency of F(1,1) was continuously measured/monitored and their attenuation dispersion effects were correlated to the liquid level measurements at these three operating regimes. The behavior of ultrasonic guided wave mode F(1,1) when embedded with fluid at three distinct frequency ranges (i.e., >250 kHz, >500 kHz, and >1000 kHz) were studied and the use of low frequency Regime-I (250 kHz) for high range of liquid level measurements and the Regime-II (500 kHz) for low range of liquid level measurements using the F(1,1) mode with high sensitivity is reported.
7 citations
29 Apr 1999
TL;DR: A self-verifying temperature sensor that employs advanced contact thermocouple probe technology was tested in a laboratory-scale, joule-heated, refractory-lined glass melter used for radioactive waste vitrification as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A self-verifying temperature sensor that employs advanced contact thermocouple probe technology was tested in a laboratory-scale, joule-heated, refractory-lined glass melter used for radioactive waste vitrification. The novel temperature probe monitors melt temperature at any given level of the melt chamber. The data acquisition system provides the real-time temperature for molten glass. Test results indicate that the self-verifying sensor is more accurate and reliable than classic platinum/rhodium thermocouple and sheath assemblies. The results of this test are reported as well as enhancements being made to the temperature probe. To obtain more reliable temperature measurements of the molten glass for improving production efficiency and ensuring consistent glass properties, optical sensing was reviewed for application in a high temperature environment.
4 citations
TL;DR: Tangki air sering diletakkan pada ketinggian untuk memanfaatkan gaya gravitasi agar air dapat mengalir secara optimal as discussed by the authors .
Abstract: Tangki air sering diletakkan pada ketinggian untuk memanfaatkan gaya gravitasi agar air dapat mengalir secara optimal. Posisi tangki air yang tinggi sulit dijangkau oleh pengguna untuk mengetahui kualitas dan volume air. Kualitas air yang kurang baik seperti mengalami kekeruhan dapat berdampak buruk. Sehingga dibutuhkan sistem yang dapat mendeteksi kekeruhan dan volume air serta dapat menginformasikan kepada pengguna melalui jarak jauh. Teknologi yang dapat difungsikan adalah internet of things. Sistem yang dibangun akan melakukan monitoring kekeruhan dan volume pada tangki air pengguna, serta melakukan kontrol berupa menghidupkan dan mematikan pompa. Proses interaksi antara pengguna dengan sistem menggunakan Bot dari Telegram. Hasil uji coba sistem dapat melakukan monitoring kekeruhan dan volume air serta melakukan kontrol terhadap pompa air melalui interaksi dengan pengguna menggunakan bot Telegram. Hasil uji coba menunjukkan kecepatan rata-rata proses keseluruhan sistem adalah 1,48 detik. Penggunaan mikrokontroler Raspberry Pi dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengembangan sistem kedepannya seperti penambahan fitur proses pengolahan air keruh atau lainnya. Saran pengembangan lainnya dengan menambahkan bot sebagai antarmuka dari aplikasi instant messaging lainnya.
1 citations
References
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Book•
19 Jul 2013
TL;DR: This chapter discusses applications of Interface Measurement, Proximity Sensing, and Gaging Applications, and Theory and Measurement Techniques, as well as special Topics, including Elastic Moduli Applications.
Abstract: Introduction. Scope of Applications. Theory and Measurement Techniques. Flow Applications. Temperature Applications. Density Applications. Interface Measurement, Proximity Sensing, and Gaging Applications. Elastic Moduli Applications. Other Parameters--Special Topics. Historical Notes and Anecdotes. References. Index.
167 citations
"Ultrasonic Waveguide Sensors for Me..." refers background in this paper
...Lynnworth [1] for process control applications through the many critical measurement that includes temperature, viscosity, density, and level of fluids....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a pulse-echo technique utilizing a wave guide operating at high temperatures has been used to measure the variation in the Young's modulus and shear modulus of pure platinum, nickel, and molybdenum in the temperature range from 25 to 1000°.
Abstract: A pulse-echo technique utilizing a wave guide operating at high temperatures has been used to measure the variation in the Young’s modulus and shear modulus of pure platinum, nickel, and molybdenum in the temperature range from 25 to 1000°. With the exception of Ni in the temperature range below the Curie point, linear behavior was found for all three metals. The significance of the linear relation between temperature and the elastic constants for Mo to the observed nonlinearity of the Arrhenius plot of the diffusivity of carbon in Mo is discussed.
140 citations
"Ultrasonic Waveguide Sensors for Me..." refers methods in this paper
...Farraro and McLellan [20] were described young’s modulus and shear modulus of materials Nickel, Molybdenum and Platinum at the temperature range from 25ºC to 1000ºC using pulse echo wave guide approach....
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...Farraro and McLellan [20] were described young’s modulus and shear modulus of materials Nickel, Molybdenum and Platinum at the temperature range from 25oC to 1000oC using pulse echo wave guide approach....
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TL;DR: In this article, an ultrasonic sensor that simultaneously measures temperature and viscosity of molten materials at very high temperature is described, based on ultrasonic shear reflectance at the solid-melt interface.
Abstract: An ultrasonic sensor that simultaneously measures temperature and viscosity of molten materials at very high temperature is described. This sensor has applications as a process monitor in melters. The sensor is based on ultrasonic shear reflectance at the solid–melt interface. A delay line probe is constructed using refractory materials. A change in the time of flight within the delay line is used to measure the temperature. The results obtained from this sensor on various calibration glass samples demonstrate a measurement range of 100–20 000 P for the viscosity and 25–1500 °C for the temperature.
73 citations
"Ultrasonic Waveguide Sensors for Me..." refers background in this paper
...[9, 10] explained the temperature and viscosity in-situ sensor for hostile processes and also demonstrated the simultaneous measurement of viscosity and temperature of glass melts....
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TL;DR: In this article, a temperature measurement using an ultrasonic sensor consisting of a piezoelectric transducer and a waveguide is presented, and the temperature measured ultrasonically is in good agreement with that obtained by using a commercial thermocouple.
Abstract: Temperature measurement using an ultrasonic sensor consisting of a piezoelectric transducer and an ultrasonic waveguide is presented. The waveguide is a clad rod consisting of a steel core and a stainless steel cladding together with two discontinuities created near the probing end. The temperature information is obtained from information about the time delay between the ultrasonic echoes reflected from these discontinuities and the probing end surface as a function of the temperature. The temperature measured ultrasonically is in good agreement with that obtained by using a commercial thermocouple.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an ultrasonic measurement system for air temperature with high accuracy and instant response, which can measure the average temperature of the environmental air by detecting the changes of the speed of the ultrasound in the air.
Abstract: This paper proposes an ultrasonic measurement system for air temperature with high accuracy and instant response. It can measure the average temperature of the environmental air by detecting the changes of the speed of the ultrasound in the air. The changes of speed of sound are computed from combining variations of time-of-flight (TOF) from a binary frequency shift-keyed (BFSK) ultrasonic signal and phase shift from continuous waves [11]. In addition, another proposed technique for the ultrasonic air temperature measurement is the self-correction functionality within a highly humid environment. It utilizes a relative humidity/water vapour sensor and applies the theory of how sound speed changes in a humid environment. The proposed new ultrasonic air temperature measurement has the capability of self-correction for the environment variable of humidity. Especially under the operational environment with high fluctuations of various humidity levels, the proposed system can accurately self-correct the errors on the conventional ultrasonic thermometer caused by the changing density of the vapours in the air. Including the high humidity effect, a proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates that in dry air (relative humidity, RH = 10%) without humidity correction, it is accurate to ±0.4 °C from 0 °C to 80 °C, while in highly humid air (relative humidity, RH = 90%) with self-correction functionality, it is accurate to ±0.3 °C from 0 °C to 80 °C with 0.05% resolution and temperature changes are instantly reflected within 100 ms.
68 citations