Ultrasound-assisted emulsification–microextraction of emergent contaminants and pesticides in environmental waters
TL;DR: USAEME is proposed as an efficient, fast, simple and non-expensive alternative to other extraction techniques such as SPE, SPME and LPME for the analysis of environmental waters including bottled, tap, river, municipal swimming pool, sewage and seaport water samples.
About: This article is published in Journal of Chromatography A.The article was published on 2008-05-09. It has received 513 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Tap water.
Citations
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TL;DR: This review focuses on the extra steps in sample preparation for application of DLLME in different matrixes such as food, biological fluids and solid samples and its applications in conjunction with different extraction techniques such as solid-phase extraction, solidification of floating organic drop and supercritical fluid extraction are summarized.
851 citations
TL;DR: The proposed method was applied to the determination of target pollutants in real wastewater effluent samples using the standard addition method and the repeatability and reproducibility of the proposed method were found to be good.
299 citations
TL;DR: The possible use of novel, non-toxic extracting agents, inter alia, ionic liquids, coacervates, surfactant solutions and reverse micelles in the liquid phase microextraction techniques has been evaluated in depth.
275 citations
TL;DR: Under the optimum extraction conditions, the AALLME method showed low limits of detection and quantification and some aqueous samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method and three analytes, DIBP, DNBP and DEHP, were determined in them at ng mL(-1) level.
254 citations
TL;DR: A fast, simple and efficient ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) method was successfully developed based on applying low density organic solvents and the applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of PAHs from several natural water samples.
254 citations
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4,485 citations
TL;DR: This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.
Abstract: During the last three decades, the impact of chemical pollution has focused almost exclusively on the conventional "priority" pollutants, especially those acutely toxic/carcinogenic pesticides and industrial intermediates displaying persistence in the environment. This spectrum of chemicals, however, is only one piece of the larger puzzle in "holistic" risk assessment. Another diverse group of bioactive chemicals receiving comparatively little attention as potential environmental pollutants includes the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products (in this review collectively termed PPCPs), both human and veterinary, including not just prescription drugs and biologics, but also diagnostic agents, "nutraceuticals," fragrances, sun-screen agents, and numerous others. These compounds and their bioactive metabolites can be continually introduced to the aquatic environment as complex mixtures via a number of routes but primarily by both untreated and treated sewage. Aquatic pollution is particularly troublesome because aquatic organisms are captive to continual life-cycle, multigenerational exposure. The possibility for continual but undetectable or unnoticed effects on aquatic organisms is particularly worrisome because effects could accumulate so slowly that major change goes undetected until the cumulative level of these effects finally cascades to irreversible change--change that would otherwise be attributed to natural adaptation or ecologic succession. As opposed to the conventional, persistent priority pollutants, PPCPs need not be persistent if they are continually introduced to surface waters, even at low parts-per-trillion/parts-per-billion concentrations (ng-microg/L). Even though some PPCPs are extremely persistent and introduced to the environment in very high quantities and perhaps have already gained ubiquity worldwide, others could act as if they were persistent, simply because their continual infusion into the aquatic environment serves to sustain perpetual life-cycle exposures for aquatic organisms. This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.
4,347 citations
TL;DR: The ability of DLLME technique in the extraction of other organic compounds such as organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides and substituted benzene compounds were studied.
2,959 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive and critical review of the environmental fate of eighteen commercial phthalate esters with alkyl chains ranging from 1 to 13 carbons was performed by as discussed by the authors, which revealed that most published values exceed true water solubilities due to experimental difficulties associated with solubility determinations for these hydrophobic organic liquids.
1,400 citations
TL;DR: An analytical technique is described which combines solvent extraction with gas chromatographic (GC) analysis in a simple and inexpensive apparatus involving very little solvent consumption and is in good agreement with a convective-diffusive kinetic model.
Abstract: An analytical technique is described which combines solvent extraction with gas chromatographic (GC) analysis in a simple and inexpensive apparatus involving very little solvent consumption. A small drop (8 μL) of a water-immiscible organic solvent, containing an internal standard, is located at the end of a Teflon rod which is immersed in a stirred aqueous sample solution. After the solution has been stirred for a prescribed period of time, the probe is withdrawn from the aqueous solution, and the organic phase is sampled with a microsyringe and injected into the GC for quantification. The observed rate of solvent extraction is in good agreement with a convective−diffusive kinetic model. Analytically, the relative standard deviation of the method is 1.7% for a 5.00-min extraction of the analyte 4-methylacetophenone into n-octane.
1,191 citations