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Journal ArticleDOI

Underground Land Administration from 2D to 3D: Critical Challenges and Future Research Directions

17 Oct 2021-Land (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)-Vol. 10, Iss: 10, pp 1101
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a review of underground land administration from three common aspects: legal, institutional, and technical, and a range of important challenges have been identified based on the current research and practice.
Abstract: The development and use of underground space is a necessity for most cities in response to rapid urbanisation. Effective underground land administration is critical for sustainable urban development. From a land administration perspective, the ownership extent of underground assets is essential for planning and managing underground areas. In some jurisdictions, physical structures (e.g., walls, ceilings, and utilities) are also necessary to delineate the ownership extent of underground assets. The current practice of underground land administration focuses on the ownership of underground space and mostly relies on 2D survey plans. This inefficient and fragmented 2D-based underground data management and communication results in several issues including boundary disputes, underground strikes, delays and disruptions in projects, economic losses, and urban planning issues. This study provides a review of underground land administration from three common aspects: legal, institutional, and technical. A range of important challenges have been identified based on the current research and practice. To address these challenges, the authors of this study propose a new framework for 3D underground land administration. The proposed framework outlines the future research directions to upgrade underground land administration using integrated 3D digital approaches.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings of this study show that extending CityGML to support legal information can be a viable solution to meet the requirements of a 3D integrated model for ULA.
Abstract: Abstract. Rapid development of underground space necessitates the efficient management of underground areas. Data modelling plays an underpinning role in integrating and managing underground physical and legal data. The physical data refers to semantic and spatial data of underground assets such as utilities, tunnels, and basements, while the legal data comprises the ownership information and the extent of underground legal spaces and the semantic and spatial relationships between legal spaces. Current Underground Land Administration (ULA) practices mainly focus on representing only either legal spaces or the physical reality of subsurface objects using fragmented and isolated 2D drawings, leading to ineffective ULA. A complete and accurate 3D representation of underground legal spaces integrated with the 3D model of their physical counterparts can support different use cases of ULA beyond underground land registration, such as planning, design and construction of underground assets (e.g. tunnels and train stations), utility management and excavation. CityGML is a prominent semantic data model to represent 3D urban objects at a city scale, making it a good choice for underground because underground assets such as tunnels and utilities are often modelled at city scales. However, CityGML, in its current version, does not support legal information. This research aims to develop an Application Domain Extension (ADE) for CityGML to support 3D ULA based on the requirements defined in the Victorian state of Australia. These requirements include primary underground parcels and secondary underground interests. This work extends CityGML 3.0, which is the new version of this model. In CityGML 3.0, UML conceptual models as platform-independent models are suggested to express ADEs. Thus, the ADE proposed in this study will be based on UML. The findings of this study show that extending CityGML to support legal information can be a viable solution to meet the requirements of a 3D integrated model for ULA. The CityGML ADE proposed in this study can potentially provide a new solution for 3D digital management of underground ownership rights in Victoria, and it can be used to implement an integrated 3D digital data environment for ULA.

3 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the technical and legal definition of the 3D underground property rights of the Piraeus Metro Station that is constructed in Piraeus Municipality UUS, in order to better understand and identify legal and technical aspects of UUS rights in Greece.
Abstract: Underground development covers a wide range of underground uses, transportation and infrastructures networks; water and energy storage facilities; municipal spaces, housing, business and manufacturing facilities; and overall exploitation of Urban Underground Space (UUS). According to the Greek legal framework on properties underground, transportation networks, such as the metro, are developed deep enough that no compensation is due to surface parcel owners, which are usually a public entity. The current Greek cadastral system is two-dimensional and there are no records for underground transportation networks. As the need for the exploitation of UUS is arising, especially in densely populated Greek cities, such as Athens, the detailed documentation of transportation networks 3D underground property rights is essential. Herein is presented the technical and legal definition of the 3D underground property rights of the Piraeus Metro Station that is constructed in Piraeus Municipality UUS. Three-dimensional underground models for both Piraeus Station and official cadastral parcels are created so as to identify their 3D spatial intersection. For the identification of their legal and spatial status in 2D, the UUS was subdivided into layers in respect to the station’s vertical infrastructure and then correlated to the current cadastral 2D spatial data. The presented 3D underground property rights of Greece’s major urban underground transportation network facilitates its registration in the current 2D Greek cadastral system and contributes to the better understanding and the identification of legal and technical aspects of UUS rights in Greece.

3 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a model that extends the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) schema by referencing Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) in the sense of reusing the Building Information Modeling (BIM)/IFC model of the building for 3D registration of condominium rights in Turkey is presented.
Abstract: Abstract The condominium rights, which is a special ownership type that can only exist in the buildings that have an occupancy permit, are needed to be examined and depicted as three-dimensional (3D) in order to prevent misinterpretations and disputes regarding Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs). This paper, therefore, aims to provide the model that extends the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) schema by referencing Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) in the sense of reusing the Building Information Modeling (BIM)/IFC model of the building for 3D registration of condominium rights in Turkey. The results of the study show that there is a solid potential to benefit from BIM/IFC model in order for both 3D representation of the ownership rights in the multi-storey buildings and obtaining the semantics of the condominiums in terms of wide ranges of attributes such as area, volume, land share, and RRRs.

2 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: Cadastre System (land registry) that prevail in Indonesia today still use land parcels of 2D (two dimensional) as the basic entity of right registration, which means the cadastre object has been developed into three-dimensional space that is not located on the land surface.
Abstract: Cadastre System (land registry) that prevail in Indonesia today still use land parcels of 2D (two dimensional) as the basic entity of right registration. The advances of developing technology in an effort to overcome land limitation especially in urban area has changed the orientation of development to vertical direction in the form of utilization of space above or below the land. This means the cadastre object has been developed into three-dimensional space that is not located on the land surface so the 3D cadastre approach is necessary in cadastre affair.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a standardised workflow is presented where the inclusion of the legal, organisational and technical aspects of modelling the legal ownership results in a comprehensive approach to solve the challenges that currently prevent the registration of the RRRs of 3D objects below the surface in LASs.

2 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) as discussed by the authors is an international standard for land administration, which aims to provide a standardised global vocabulary for the land administration domain model, and can stimulate the development of software applications and accelerate the implementation of land administration systems that support sustainability objectives.

213 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the registration of utility networks in cadastres is considered in this 3D + time (=4D) context, and different approaches of three specific countries: Turkey, The Netherlands and Queensland, Australia are compared.

94 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed existing approaches to the composition of urban indicator lists, highlighting indicator types, challenges related to data collection, and agencies that are concerned with the issue.

92 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A 3D cadastral data model (3DCDM) is proposed as a solution to improve the current cadastal data models based on the ISO standards and can be used by cadastRAL data modellers to improve existing or develop new cadastr data models to support the requirements of 3D Cadastres.

86 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper proposes a set of requirements ( features) for interactive 3D cadastral visualization systems and designed and implemented a prototype system, which most agreed is able to facilitate understanding of ownership boundaries.

83 citations