Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project globe
TL;DR: GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) as discussed by the authors ) is a research program focusing on culture and leadership in 61 nations and surveyed thousands of middle managers in food processing, finance, and telecommunications industries in these countries.
About: This article is published in Journal of World Business.The article was published on 2002-03-01. It has received 1618 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Shared leadership & Global Leadership.
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TL;DR: A considerable amount of research has examined trust since the 1995 publication of as discussed by the authors, and a number of the critical issues that we addressed and provided clarifications and extensions of the topics of levels of analysis, time, control systems, reciprocity, and measurement.
Abstract: A considerable amount of research has examined trust since our 1995 publication. We revisit some of the critical issues that we addressed and provide clarifications and extensions of the topics of levels of analysis, time, control systems, reciprocity, and measurement. We also recognize recent research in new areas of trust, such as affect, emotion, violation and repair, distrust, international and cross-cultural issues, and context-specific models, and we identify promising avenues for future research.
2,370 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review team research that has been conducted over the past 10 years and discuss the nature of work teams in context and note the substantive differences underlying different types of teams.
1,985 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation, which is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, treating as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality.
Abstract: In his Preface the author' says that he started out to review all the more important theories upon the topics ordinarily discussed under human motivation but soon found himself more and more limited to the presentation of his own point of view. This very well characterizes the book. It is a very personal product. It is an outline with some defense of the author's own thinking about instincts and appetites and sentiments and how they function in human behavior. And as the author draws so heavily upon James and McDougall, especially the latter, the book may well be looked upon as a sort of sequel to their efforts. There is a thought-provoking distinction presented between instinct and appetite. An instinct is said to be aroused always by something in the external situation; and, correspondingly, an appetite is said to be aroused by sensations from within the body itself. This places, of course, a heavy emphasis upon the cognitive factor in all instinctive behaviors; and the author prefers to use the cognitive factor, especially the knowledge of that end-experience which will satisfy, as a means of differentiating one instinct from another. In this there is a recognized difference from McDougall who placed more emphasis for differentiation upon the emotional accompaniment. The list of instincts arrived at by this procedure is much like that of McDougall, although the author is forced by his criteria to present the possibility of food-seeking and sex and sleep operating both in the manner of an appetite and also as an instinct. The Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation. There is the development within each personality of a sentiment for some moral principle. But this sentiment is not a very powerful motivating factor. It is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, which is treated as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality. Those whose psychological thinking is largely in terms of McDougall will doubtless find this volume a very satisfying expansion; but those who are at all inclined to support their psychological thinking by reference to experimental studies will not be so well pleased. The James-Lange theory, for example, is discussed without mention of the many experimental studies which it has provoked. Theoretical sources appear in general to be preferred to experimental investigations.
1,962 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors note that taxonomies of personality traits and cultural values developed independently since 1980 have created new possibilities for exploring the topic and discuss environmental and temperamental explanations for these associations.
Abstract: “Culture and personality” was a focus of anthropology and psychology in the first half of the 20th century. It was concerned with traditional and preliterate societies and drew many of its constructs from psychoanalysis. In this article, we note that taxonomies of personality traits and cultural values developed independently since 1980 have created new possibilities for exploring the topic. The Five-Factor Model of personality is a universally valid taxonomy of traits. The IBM study (conducted by Hofstede) dimensions of culture represent a well-validated operationalization of differences between cultures as manifested in dominant value systems. In reanalyses of recently reported data, mean personality scores from 33 countries were significantly and substantially correlated with culture dimension scores. We discuss environmental and temperamental explanations for these associations and suggest directions for future research, including replications, experimental simulations, acculturation studies, and rese...
1,209 citations
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine how cultural differences influence the returns of momentum strategies and find that individualism is positively associated with trading volume and volatility, as well as with the magnitude of momentum profits, and that momentum profits are also positively related to analyst forecast dispersion, transaction costs, and the familiarity of the market to foreigners.
Abstract: This paper examines how cultural differences influence the returns of momentum strategies. Cross-country cultural differences are measured with an individualism index developed by Hofstede (2001), which is related to overconfidence and self-attribution bias. We find that individualism is positively associated with trading volume and volatility, as well as to the magnitude of momentum profits. Momentum profits are also positively related to analyst forecast dispersion, transaction costs, and the familiarity of the market to foreigners, and negatively related to firm size and volatility. However, the addition of these and other variables does not dampen the relation between individualism and momentum profits.
951 citations
Cites background from "Understanding cultures and implicit..."
...Among these dimensions, the institutional collectivism is intended to reflect the same construct as Hofstede’s individualism (House et al. (2002))....
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...index from House et al. (2004). We are able to find scores from GLOBE’s institutional...
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References
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Book•
01 Nov 1980
TL;DR: In his book Culture's Consequences, Geert Hofstede proposed four dimensions on which the differences among national cultures can be understood: Individualism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In his bestselling book Culture's Consequences, Geert Hofstede proposed four dimensions on which the differences among national cultures can be understood: Individualism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity. This volume comprises the first in-depth discussion of the masculinity dimension and how it can help us to understand differences among cultures. The book begins with a general explanation of the masculinity dimension, and discusses how it illuminates broad features of different cultures. The following parts apply the dimension more specifically to gender (and gender identity), sexuality (and sexual behaviour) and religion, probably the most influential variable of all. Hofstede closes the book with a synthesizing statement about cultural values as they are linked to sexuality, gender and religion.
19,826 citations
Book•
19 Mar 1985
TL;DR: A review of the book "Organizational Culture and Leadership" by Edgar H. Schein is given in this article, where the authors present a review of their approach to organizational culture and leadership.
Abstract: The article presents a review of the book “Organizational Culture and Leadership,” by Edgar H. Schein.
17,083 citations
TL;DR: Putnam et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the efficacy of these governments in such fields as agriculture, housing, and health services, revealing patterns of associationism, trust, and cooperation that facilitate good governance and economic prosperity.
Abstract: Why do some democratic governments succeed and others fail? In a book that has received attention from policymakers and civic activists in America and around the world, Robert Putnam and his collaborators offer empirical evidence for the importance of "civic community" in developing successful institutions Their focus is on a unique experiment begun in 1970 when Italy created new governments for each of its regions After spending two decades analyzing the efficacy of these governments in such fields as agriculture, housing, and health services, they reveal patterns of associationism, trust, and cooperation that facilitate good governance and economic prosperity
13,915 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the author analyzes the maturing research in the field of organization studies - the available ethnographic methods, participant observation, qualitative research, and clinical research, concluding that culture functions to solve an organization's basic problems of surviving in the external environment and integrating its internal processes to ensure its continued survival.
Abstract: Discusses the key role of organizational leadership in organizational culture, and the intertwining problems associated with each. Organizational culture is defined as the basic assumptions and beliefs shared by members of an organization. These are learned, operate unconsciously, and essentially define an organization's view of itself and its environment. Though cultural differences are reflected in companies, each company also has an individual culture that modifies local or national cultures. Origins of culture are discussed, especially the entrepreneur's effect on cultural formation, and mechanisms of embedding and reinforcing cultural standards as a means of guiding an evolving company. Taking an interdisciplinary perspective, the book analyzes the maturing research in the field of organization studies - the available ethnographic methods, participant observation, qualitative research, and clinical research. Results indicate that culture functions to solve an organization's basic problems of (a) surviving in the external environment and (b) integrating its internal processes to ensure its continued survival. Since the organizational structure and people's attitudes and perceptions constitute key artifacts of a culture, both these must be changed before the company's overarching cultural change can occur. Typically, change begins at the formative stage as a positive growth force in need of development, evolves into a complex, diverse model of culture, and finally at the point of maturation, often becomes dysfunctional. It is at this point that the leader-usually the entrepreneur - is most crucial, often turning to various change models as a means of sustaining the company. Though the leader's role in cultural formation shifts, such purposeful, foundational change in an organization only occurs rarely in mature companies and under effective leadership. In sum, cultural leadership - and especially the role of the cultural manager - needs to be assessed more clearly in light of the organization's rapidly changing internal and external environment. (CJC)
13,246 citations
Book•
01 May 1985TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the book "Leadership and performance beyond expectation" by Bernard M. Bass, and present a review of the book and the book's methodology.
Abstract: The article reviews the book "Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations," by Bernard M. Bass.
10,383 citations
Additional excerpts
..., Bass , 1985 ; Miller & Droge , 1986 ; Schein , 1992 ; Yukl , 1994 ; Thompson & Luthans , 1990 ) ....
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