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Understanding Delta-Sigma Data Converters

TL;DR: This chapter discusses the design and simulation of delta-sigma modulator systems, and some of the considerations for implementation considerations for [Delta][Sigma] ADCs.
Abstract: Chapter 1: Introduction.Chapter 2: The first-order delta-sigma modulator.Chapter 3: The second-order delta-sigma modulator.Chapter 4: Higher-order delta-sigma modulation.Chapter 5: Bandpass and quadrature delta-sigma modulation.Chapter 6: Implementation considerations for [Delta][Sigma] ADCs.Chapter 7: Delta-sigma DACs.Chapter 8: High-level design and simulation.Chapter 9: Example modulator systems.Appendix A: Spectral estimation.Appendix B: The delta-sigma toolbox.Appendix C: Noise in switched-capacitor delta-sigma data converters.

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Citations
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
26 Apr 2023
TL;DR: In this article , the authors proposed a new method to enhance the security of modern, fully autonomous electric vehicles by fingerprinting the messages to connect the received signal to the transmitting Engine Control Unit (ECU).
Abstract: Fully connected autonomous vehicles are more vulnerable than ever to hacking and data theft. The controller area network (CAN) protocol is an effective means of communication between in-vehicle control networks. However, the absence of basic security features of this protocol, like message authentication, makes it quite vulnerable to a wide range of attacks, including spoofing attacks. As traditional cybersecurity methods impose limitations in ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted messages via CAN bus, a new technique has emerged among others to approve its reliability in fully authenticating in-vehicle communication messages. At the physical layer of the communication system, the method of fingerprinting the messages is being implemented to connect the received signal to the transmitting Engine Control Unit (ECU). This paper introduces a new method to enhance the security of modern, fully autonomous electric vehicles. Errors due to digital to-analog converter (DAC) are used to estimate ECU-specific distortion distributions, which are utilized for transmitting node identification. A dataset collected from a CAN network with seven ECUs is used to evaluate the efficient performance of the suggested method. The experimental results indicate that kNNs achieved 99.2% accuracy in ECU detection and outperformed the rest of the classifiers.
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This brief proposes how the hardware complexity of arbitrary-order digital multibit error-feedback delta-sigma modulators can be reduced by splitting the combinatorial circuitry of the modulators into two parts, i.e., one producing the modulator output and another producing the error signal fed back.
Abstract: In this brief, we propose how the hardware complexity of arbitrary-order digital multibit error-feedback delta-sigma modulators can be reduced. This is achieved by splitting the combinatorial circu ...

Cites background or methods from "Understanding Delta-Sigma Data Conv..."

  • ...signal with a continuous-time signal once its unit elements are appropriately selected [1]....

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  • ...A simplified block diagram of the considered converter, adopted from [1], is shown in Fig....

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  • ...D IGITAL delta–sigma (ΔΣ) modulators are frequently used in both oversampling digital-to-analog converters (DACs) [1] and analog-to-digital [2]–[4] converters in order to reduce the word lengths of the DACs....

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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: Among several DSL approaches the Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology was standardized, several options were standardized such as ADSL+ to offer a higher bit-rate for downstream at the cost of reduced subscriber loop-length.
Abstract: The growing market for broadband access services is the driving force for Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) applications. As illustrated in Fig. 1.1, DSL allows for simultaneous transmission of digital data and the Plain-Old Telephone Service (POTS) signal on a single copper-pair. Among several DSL approaches the Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology was standardized. Generally, ADSL can transport more than 8 Mbit/s from the Central Office (CO) to the customer (downstream) and more than 1 Mbit/s upstream. As shown in Table 1.1, several options were standardized such as ADSL+ to offer a higher bit-rate for downstream at the cost of reduced subscriber loop-length. Furthermore, line-testing features were introduced for performance monitoring requiring an analog bandwidth up to 1.1 MHz for the A/D-converter.
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A simple, systematic and deterministic MATLAB simulation which employs Risbo method and analytical simulation is proposed to determine the optimal out-of-band gain to achieve a maximal SNR and the maximum stable amplitude in a multi-bit delta-sigma modulator.
Abstract: A simple, systematic and deterministic MATLAB simulation which employs Risbo method and analytical simulation is proposed to determine the optimal out-of-band gain to achieve a maximal SNR and the maximum stable amplitude in a multi-bit delta-sigma modulator. Using the proposed method, a 128 MS/s, 2 MHz signal bandwidth 4th order 2-bit continuous-time delta-sigma modulator is designed and implemented in 0.18μm CMOS technology to verify the concept. As a result, the modulator achieves a peak SNDR of 79.3 dB and a dynamic range of 83 dB for a 2 MHz signal bandwidth (OSR = 32) while consuming only 7.8 mW from 1.8 V supply.

Cites background from "Understanding Delta-Sigma Data Conv..."

  • ...A multi-bit quantizer is preferred to a single bit because of its several advantages over a single bit quantizer [3]....

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  • ...For a multi-bit quantizer, the criterion [3] to ensure stability is given by Eq....

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  • ...(1) is sufficient but not the necessary criterion when poles and zeros of NTF are optimized [3]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2018
TL;DR: This paper synthesizes a stable 1-bit Delta-Sigma modulator that minimizes the mean squared quantization error at the output of a Delta- Sigma-based transmitter.
Abstract: 1-bit Delta-Sigma-based transmitters enable constant envelop transmissions. This paper synthesizes a stable 1-bit Delta-Sigma modulator that minimizes the mean squared quantization error at the output of a Delta-Sigma-based transmitter. The l-bit Delta-Sigma modulator is designed by solving convex optimization problems, which can be solved numerically. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate our synthesis.

Cites methods from "Understanding Delta-Sigma Data Conv..."

  • ...The filter R[z] is called a noise shaping filter or a noise transfer function [7]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Higher order modulators are shown not only to greatly reduce oversampling requirements for high-resolution conversion applications, but also to randomize the quantization noise, avoiding the need for dithering.
Abstract: Oversampling interpolative coding has been demonstrated to be an effective technique for high-resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion that is tolerant of process imperfections. A novel topology for constructing stable interpolative modulators of arbitrary order is described. Analysis of this topology shows that with proper design of the modulator coefficients, stability is not a limitation to higher order modulators. Furthermore, complete control over placement of the poles and zeros of the quantization noise response allows treatment of the modulation process as a high-pass filter for quantization noise. Higher order modulators are shown not only to greatly reduce oversampling requirements for high-resolution conversion applications, but also to randomize the quantization noise, avoiding the need for dithering. An experimental fourth-order modulator breadboard demonstrates stability and feasibility, achieving a 90-dB dynamic range over the 20-kHz audio bandwidth with a sampling rate of 2.1 MHz. A generalized simulation software package has been developed to mimic time-domain behavior for oversampling modulators. Circuit design specifications for integrated circuit implementation can be deduced from analysis of simulated data. >

399 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
James C. Candy1
TL;DR: It is shown that digital filters comprising cascades of integrate-and-dump functions can match the structure of the noise from sigma delta modulation to provide decimation with negligible loss of signal-to-noise ratio.
Abstract: Decimation is an important component of oversampled analog-to-digital conversion. It transforms the digitally modulated signal from short words occurring at high sampling rate to longer words at the Nyquist rate. Here we are concerned with the initial stage of decimation, where the word rate decreases to about four times the Nyquist rate. We show that digital filters comprising cascades of integrate-and-dump functions can match the structure of the noise from sigma delta modulation to provide decimation with negligible loss of signal-to-noise ratio. Explicit formulas evaluate particular tradeoffs between modulation rate, signal-to-noise ratio, length of digital words, and complexity of the modulating and decimating functions.

342 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper introduces a new method of analysis for deltasigma modulators based on modeling the nonlinear quantizer with a linearized gain, obtained by minimizing a mean-square-error criterion, followed by an additive noise source representing distortion components.
Abstract: This paper introduces a new method of analysis for deltasigma modulators based on modeling the nonlinear quantizer with a linearized gain, obtained by minimizing a mean-square-error criterion [7], followed by an additive noise source representing distortion components. In the paper, input signal amplitude dependencies of delta-sigma modulator stability and signal-to-noise ratio are analyzed. It is shown that due to the nonlinearity of the quantizer, the signal-to-noise ratio of the modulator may decrease as the input amplitude increases prior to saturation. Also, a stable third-order delta-sigma modulator may become unstable by increasing the input amplitude beyond a certain threshold. Both of these phenomena are explained by the nonlinear analysis of this paper. The analysis is carried out for both dc and sinusoidal excitations.

284 citations

Book ChapterDOI
James C. Candy1, O. Benjamin1
TL;DR: Simple algebraic expressions for this modulation noise and its spectrum in terms of the input amplitude are derived and can be useful for designing oversampled analog to digital converters that use sigma-delta modulation for the primary conversion.
Abstract: When the sampling rate of a sigma-delta modulator far exceeds the frequencies of the input signal, its modulation noise is highly correlated with the amplitude of the input. We derive simple algebraic expressions for this noise and its spectrum in terms of the input amplitude. The results agree with measurements taken on a breadboard circuit. This work can be useful for designing oversampled analog to digital converters that use sigma-delta modulation for the primary conversion.

255 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1993
TL;DR: The modulator of a bandpass analog/digital (A/D) converter, with 63 dB signal/noise for broadcast AM bandwidth signals centered at 455 kHz, has been implemented by modifying a commercial digital-audio sigma-delta ( Sigma Delta ) converter.
Abstract: The modulator of a bandpass analog/digital (A/D) converter, with 63 dB signal/noise for broadcast AM bandwidth signals centered at 455 kHz, has been implemented by modifying a commercial digital-audio sigma-delta ( Sigma Delta ) converter. It is the first reported fully monolithic implementation of bandpass noise shaping and has applications to digital radio. >

211 citations