Understanding near infrared radiation propagation in pig skin reflectance measurements
TL;DR: In this article, diffuse reflectance spectra of Iberian pig skin were simulated for different source-detector distances in the wavelength range from 1150nm to 1850nm, and the average photon visit depth and the fraction of absorbed energy indicated that most of the light was absorbed by the dermis layer.
Abstract: Non-invasive and non-destructive analysis based on Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) sensors are used for the development of quality control systems in numerous in situ /on-line applications in different fields. However, few studies have been published investigating and trying to understand how light propagates through agri-food tissues. In this paper, diffuse reflectance spectra of Iberian pig skin were simulated for different source–detector distances in the wavelength range from 1150 nm to 1850 nm. The average photon visit depth and the fraction of absorbed energy indicated that most of the light was absorbed by the dermis layer. Nevertheless, larger source–detector distances enabled to acquire information from deeper in the skin tissue and to maximize the sensitivity of the captured signal to the subcutaneous adipose tissue. These simulation results were experimentally validated using spatially resolved reflectance spectroscopy, and a good agreement was obtained between the simulations and measurements. Industrial relevance A stochastic approach such as Monte Carlo method is used for investigating and characterizing non-destructive and non-invasive diffuse reflectance NIR spectroscopy measurements of Iberian pigs in the 1150–1850 nm wavelength range. Different source detector distances have been evaluated in order to optimize the optical configuration of NIRS instruments and maximize the spectral information detected from the subcutaneous adipose tissue. This study helps to understand how the light is propagated in pig tissues, which is relevant to design new spectrometers that can be used as non-destructive in situ / in vivo quality control system or support-decision making system.
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TL;DR: The aim of this study was to determine the visible and near-infrared bulk absorption coefficient, bulk scattering coefficient, and scattering anisotropy spectra for a diverse set of raw milk samples originating from individual cow milkings, representing the milk variability present on dairy farms.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optical properties of potato flesh were estimated using doubleintegrating sphere (DIS) measurements combined with an inverse adding-doubling (IAD) light propagation model.
Abstract: In this study, the optical properties of potato flesh tissue were estimated using double-integrating sphere (DIS) measurements combined with an inverse adding-doubling (IAD) light propagation model. Total reflectance, total transmittance, and unscattered transmittance were measured for the wavelength range 500–1900 nm with 5-nm resolution. From these measurements, the bulk optical properties (absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and anisotropy factor) of 53 potato tubers of the Hermes cultivar were estimated. The estimated absorption coefficient spectra were dominated by water and starch absorption bands, the main chemical components of potato tissue. Comparison of these values to those reported in literature for similar products showed comparable absorption profiles. The obtained scattering coefficient spectra showed a smooth decrease from 166 to 160 cm−1 in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range with increasing wavelength, which is common for biological tissues. The anisotropy factor spectra obtained for the full wavelength range studied ranged between 0.949 and 0.959 with a maximum variability of 0.009 among the set of samples used. The information obtained in this study is essential to understand the effects of absorption and scattering on the propagation of light through the potato tubers in order to design more efficient sensors for non-destructive quality evaluation.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a panchromatic camera was used to obtain diffuse reflectance profiles at each wavelength, and partial least squares regression models were developed to relate apple maturity/quality to the diffuse reflectances spectra at different distances from the illumination point.
Abstract: The storage potential of apples highly depends on the maturity at harvest. Optical methods have been proposed to measure maturity in a fast, reliable and non-destructive way. However, the signal is often composed of photons with different penetration depths into the material. An attempt to separate these photons might result in more precise correlations with quality attributes, as these could relate to a specific layer/depth into the sample. Therefore, a Vis/NIR spatially resolved laser reflectance setup was used, combining a supercontinuum laser and a monochromator to illuminate samples with a monochrome focused beam in the 550–1000 nm wavelength range. A panchromatic camera was used to obtain diffuse reflectance profiles at each wavelength. In the period starting 50 days before until 11 days after commercial harvest, 320 Braeburn apples were measured. Partial least squares regression models were developed to relate apple maturity/quality to the diffuse reflectance spectra at different distances from the illumination point. The effect of detector size (spatial bandwidth) was also evaluated. A bandwidth of 0.82 mm in combination with a parameter specific illumination-detection distance, gave the best results. Using an internal test set, an R
2 of prediction of 0.98 and 0.93, and a ratio of prediction to performance (RPD) of 5.84 and 3.42, predicting, respectively, the Streif index and starch conversion values was obtained. The predictions of soluble solids content (SSC) (R
2 of 0.81; RPD of 2.04) and firmness (R
2 of 0.65; RPD of 1.66) were less accurate. Also, worse predictions were obtained using an external test set.
33 citations
Cites background from "Understanding near infrared radiati..."
...This spatial information enables to distinguish between photons which have interacted with different parts of the fruit material (Zamora-Rojas et al. 2014)....
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...This spatial information enables to distinguish between photons which have interacted with different parts of the fruit material (Zamora-Rojas et al., 2014)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the recent applications of NIR spectroscopy to predict traits (e.g. protein, fat, fatty acids and shear force) associated with meat quality in both live animals and carcass samples.
Abstract: Methods based in the utilisation of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have been evaluated and reported by different authors for the analysis of a wide range of properties associated with meat quality in either live animals or during carcass evaluation, as infrared (IR) light has the capability to propagate through the several layers of the tissue. Recent reports by different authors also proved that methods based in the application of short wavelengths (e.g. 700–1100 nm) in the NIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum can measure properties related to meat quality non‐destructively and non‐invasively in live animals. In addition, this methodology was reported to be able to segregate tissues (e.g. lean and fat) assessed through the skin. Presently, there is a lack of knowledge on the capability of rapid and non‐invasive methods based in NIR spectroscopy to assess and measure traits associated with meat quality in live animals (e.g. beef and pork). Therefore, this review reports the recent applications of NIR spectroscopy to predict traits (e.g. protein, fat, fatty acids and shear force) associated with meat quality in both live animals and carcass samples.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the bulk optical properties (BOP) of different citrus tissues (flavedo, albedo and juice vesicles) for different fruit types (grapefruit, orange, lemon and lime) and the relationship between the BOP and different quality properties was explored.
23 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The third edition of the biomedical optics classic Tissue Optics covers the continued intensive growth in tissue optics, in particular, the field of tissue diagnostics and imaging, that has occurred since 2007 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This third edition of the biomedical optics classic Tissue Optics covers the continued intensive growth in tissue optics-in particular, the field of tissue diagnostics and imaging-that has occurred since 2007. As in the first two editions, Part I describes fundamentals and basic research, and Part II presents instrumentation and medical applications. However, for the reader's convenience, this third edition has been reorganized into 14 chapters instead of 9. The chapters covering optical coherence tomography, digital holography and interferometry, controlling optical properties of tissues, nonlinear spectroscopy, and imaging have all been substantially updated. The book is intended for researchers, teachers, and graduate and undergraduate students specializing in the physics of living systems, biomedical optics and biophotonics, laser biophysics, and applications of lasers in biomedicine. It can also be used as a textbook for courses in medical physics, medical engineering, and medical biology.
1,542 citations
TL;DR: An overview of published absorption and scattering properties of skin and subcutaneous tissues measured in wide wavelength range is presented and basic principles of measurements of the tissue optical properties and techniques used for processing of the measured data are outlined.
Abstract: The development of optical methods in modern medicine in the areas of diagnostics, therapy, and surgery has stimulated the investigation of optical properties of various biological tissues, since the efficacy of laser treatment depends on the photon propagation and fluence rate distribution within irradiated tissues. In this work, an overview of published absorption and scattering properties of skin and subcutaneous tissues measured in wide wavelength range is presented. Basic principles of measurements of the tissue optical properties and techniques used for processing of the measured data are outlined.
585 citations
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of the problem: this paper... ]..,.. )].. [1].
Abstract: ii
269 citations
TL;DR: An automated reflectometry system is constructed for accurate measurement of coherent reflectance curves of turbid samples and analyzed the presence of coherent and diffuse reflection near the specular reflection angle to determine complex refractive indices of fresh porcine skin epidermis and dermis tissues and Intralipid solutions.
Abstract: We constructed an automated reflectometry system for accurate measurement of coherent
reflectance curves of turbid samples and analyzed the presence of coherent and
diffuse reflection near the specular reflection angle. An existing method has been
validated to determine the complex refractive indices of turbid samples on the basis
of nonlinear regression of the coherent reflectance curves by Fresnel’s
equations. The complex refractive indices of fresh porcine skin epidermis and dermis
tissues and Intralipid solutions were determined at eight wavelengths: 325, 442, 532,
633, 850, 1064, 1310, and 1557 nm.
105 citations
TL;DR: The penetration depth of light in diffuse reflectance near‐infrared spectroscopy for measuring water content in skin is assessed both from theoretical and experimental points of view.
Abstract: Background/purpose: The penetration depth of light in diffuse reflectance near-infrared spectroscopy for measuring water content in skin is assessed both from theoretical and experimental points of view.
Methods: The Monte Carlo simulation was implemented to investigate the dependencies of the light penetration depth on a source–detector distance. To compare with the simulation results, an in vivo experiment for water contents of skin was performed introducing two different optical fiber probes.
Results: It is found that the minimum separation between a source and detector fibers influences largely the measurement depth. The larger separation leads to a deeper measurement depth at a particular wavelength. The measurement depth is also influenced fairly by the absorption coefficient of the tissue. The larger absorption coefficient results in a shallower measurement depth.
Conclusion: The correlations between the water contents measured by the optical and capacitance techniques were discussed. The dependencies of the light penetration depth on the source-detector geometry and wavelength are presented.
102 citations