Une approche écoanthropologique de la santé publique
TL;DR: The article demonstrates the need for future public health policies to take new geographic and ecological concepts, such as the pathogenic complex, epidemiological landscape or pathocenosis, need to be integrated into the medical reasoning process.
About: This article is published in Natures Sciences Sociétés.The article was published on 1997-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 8 citations till now.
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Dissertation•
13 Dec 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a modelle de Markov cache, which is a variant of the modele dePotts, and propose an approach to calculate the parametres du modele.
Abstract: La cartographie du risque en epidemiologie permet de mettre en evidence des regionshomogenes en terme du risque afin de mieux comprendre l’etiologie des maladies. Nousabordons la cartographie automatique d’unites geographiques en classes de risque commeun probleme de classification a l’aide de modeles de Markov caches discrets et de modelesde melange de Poisson. Le modele de Markov cache propose est une variante du modele dePotts, ou le parametre d’interaction depend des classes de risque.Afin d’estimer les parametres du modele, nous utilisons l’algorithme EM combine a une approche variationnelle champ-moyen. Cette approche nous permet d’appliquer l’algorithmeEM dans un cadre spatial et presente une alternative efficace aux methodes d’estimation deMonte Carlo par chaine de Markov (MCMC).Nous abordons egalement les problemes d’initialisation, specialement quand les taux de risquesont petits (cas des maladies animales). Nous proposons une nouvelle strategie d’initialisationappropriee aux modeles de melange de Poisson quand les classes sont mal separees. Pourillustrer ces solutions proposees, nous presentons des resultats d’application sur des jeux dedonnees epidemiologiques animales fournis par l’INRA.
8 citations
Cites background from "Une approche écoanthropologique de ..."
...Un ensemble de distributions hyperpriors est proposé par Fernandez and Green (2002) pour les différents paramètres du modèle. Les connections entre les modèles de mélange et les modèles de partition est simple à mettre en évidence. Par exemple, le modèle proposé par Green and Richardson (2002) suppose qu’il existe un petit nombre de niveaux de risque {rj, j = 1, ....
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...Un ensemble de distributions hyperpriors est proposé par Fernandez and Green (2002) pour les différents paramètres du modèle....
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define, aujourd’hui, a plan academique et fonctionnel, les rapports entre sante, environnement, et sciences humaines.
Abstract: ANTHROPOLOGIE(S) ET ECOLOGIE HUMAINE L’ecologie de la sante est a l’origine meme des preoccupations medicales, puisque le pere fondateur de la medecine lui-meme, Hippocrate, a compose un celebre Traite des Eaux, des Airs et des Lieux. Reste a definir, aujourd’hui, sur un plan academique et fonctionnel, les rapports entre sante, environnement, et sciences humaines. Justifient-ils la creation d’un discours specifique qui s’individualiserait au sein tout a la fois de l’anthropologie sensu lato, ...
4 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Current developments in the study of diabetes mellitus suggest an explanation with important biological ramifications, and changes in the environment are responsible for the increase.
Abstract: FOR THE POPULATION GENETICIST, diabetes mellitus has long presented an enigma. Here is a relatively frequent disease, often interfering with reproduction by virtue of an onset during the reproductive or even pre-reproductive years, with a well-defined genetic basis, perhaps as simple in many families as a single recessive or incompletely recessive gene (cf. Allan, 1933; Pincus and White, 1933, 1934; Harris, 1950; Steinberg and Wilder, 1952; Lamy, Frezal and de Grouchy, 1957; Steinberg, 1959; Post, 1962a). If the considerable frequency of the disease is of relatively long duration in the history of our species, how can this be accounted for in the face of the obvious and strong genetic selection against the condition? If, on the other hand, this frequency is a relatively recent phenomenon, what changes in the environment are responsible for the increase? Current developments in the study of this disease suggest an explanation with important biological ramifications.
3,137 citations
TL;DR: The authors consider four criticisms of ecological anthropology: its overemphasis on energy, its inability to explain cultural phenomena, its preoccupation with static equilibria, and its lack of clarity about the appropriate units of analysis.
Abstract: In this essay we consider four criticisms of ecological anthropology: its overemphasis on energy, its inability to explain cultural phenomena, its preoccupation with static equilibria, and its lack of clarity about the appropriate units of analysis. Recognizing that some of these criticisms may not be justified, we nevertheless point to parallel concerns in ecology. Further, we ask whether new directions indicated by some ecologists might be appropriate paths for future work in ecological anthropology. A central theme is the desirability of focusing on environmental problems and how people respond to them. The kind of environmental problems we are especially concerned with here are those constituting hazards to the lives of the organisms experiencing them. In other words, we are particularly concerned with problems that carry the risk of morbidity or mortality, the risk of losing an "existential game" in which success consists simply in staying in the game (82, 85; cf 80, cited in 78). Our focus upon hazards and responses to them emerges partly from consideration of neo-Darwinian selection theory. As Colinvaux (22, p. 499) notes: "Selection . . . chooses from among individuals those which are best adapted to avoid the hazards of life at that time and place." Our focus reflects also the new concern of biologists such as Slobodkin (81, 82, 85) with the actual processes of responding to hazards or environmental perturbations rather than with formal alterations in hypothetical genetic systems. Related also is the emerging view among medical scientists that health is a "continuing property, potentially measurable by the individual's ability to rally from insults, whether chemical, physical, infectious, psychological, or social" (7, 8; cf 78). At least some and perhaps all of the insults referred to in the preceding quotation can be subsumed in our category of hazards; even social and psychological insults may evoke physiological "stress" and disease (60, 79) as well as psychological and behavioral adaptive strategies (99). A further influence on us has been the recent proliferation of research and thinking on problems of human response to "natural hazards" in geography (19,
285 citations
TL;DR: The human community may be considered as an ecological product, that is, as the outcome of competitive and accommodative processes which give spatial and temporal distribution to human aggregations and cultural achievements.
Abstract: The ecological basis of community-The human community may be considered as an ecological product, that is, as the outcome of competitive and accommodative processes which give spatial and temporal distribution to human aggregations and cultural achievements Factors determining size of community-The growth or decline of a given community is a function of its relative strength in the larger competitive process Communities are in constant competition with one another, and any advantage in location, resources, or market organization is forthwith reflected in differential growth The internal structure of community-The utilities, institutions, and inhabitants of a community are spatially distributed and territorially segregated as a result of competition and selection Redistribution and segregation are constantly in process as new factors enter to disturb the competitive relations
274 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The DSM-III: Culture-Bound or Construct-Bound? The Syndromes and DSMIII: Sorting the culture-Bound Syndrome as discussed by the authors, is a collection of disorders that are either culture-bound or construct-bound.
Abstract: Culture-Bound or Construct-Bound? The Syndromes and DSM-III.- Sorting the Culture-Bound Syndromes.- I: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric Interest in which some Evidence Supports the Hypothesis of a Neurophysiological Shaping Factor.- A. The Startle Matching Taxon.- The Resolution of the Latah Paradox.- Paradox Lost: The Latah Problem Revisited.- Latah II - Problems with a Purely Symbolic Interpretation: A Reply to Michael G. Kenny.- Shamans and Imu: Among Two Ainu Groups - Toward a Cross-Cultural Model of Interpretation.- Commentary.- B. The Sleep Paralysis Taxon.- Uqamairineq and Uqumanigianiq: Eskimo Sleep Paralysis.- The Old Hag Phenomenon as Sleep Paralysis: A Biocultural Interpretation.- Commentary.- II: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric Interest in which a Neurophysiological Shaping Factor is only Suspected.- A. The Genital Retraction Taxon.- Koro - A Cultural Disease.- Koro in a Nigerian Male Patient: A Case Report.- The Koro Pattern of Depersonalization in an American Schizophrenic Patient.- Indigenous Koro, A Genital Retraction Syndrome of Insular Southeast Asia: A Critical Review.- Commentary.- B. The Sudden Mass Assault Taxon.- Ethno-Behaviorism and the Culture-Bound Syndromes: The Case of Amok.- Sudden Mass Assault with Grenade: An Epidemic Amok Form from Laos.- The Amok Syndrome in Papua and New Guinea.- Amok.- Commentary.- C. The Running Taxon.- Pibloktoq (Hysteria) Among the Polar Eskimo: An Ethnopsychiatric Study.- Grisi Siknis in Miskito Culture.- The Transformation of Arctic Hysteria.- Commentary.- III: Folk Illnesses Usually Listed as Culture-Bound Psychiatric Syndromes which should Probably No Longer be so Considered.- A. The Fright Illness Taxon.- The Folk Illness Called Susto.- Saladera - A Culture-Bound Misfortune Syndrome in the Peruvian Amazon.- Lanti, Illness by Fright Among Bisayan Filipinos.- Mogo Laya, A New Guinea Fright Illness.- Commentary.- B. The Cannibal Compulsion Taxon.- Windigo Psychosis: The Anatomy of an Emic-Etic Confusion.- Commentaries and Replies.- Commentary.- Append.- Glossary of 'Culture-Bound' or Folk Psychiatric Syndromes.- Charles C. Hughes.- List of Contributors.- to the Index.
191 citations