Unravelling the fruit microbiome: The key for developing effective biological control strategies for postharvest diseases
30 Jun 2021-Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)-Vol. 20, Iss: 5, pp 4906-4930
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of the microbiome of certain fruits and how it holds promise for solving the problems inherent in biocontrol and postharvest crop protection are summarized.
Abstract: Fruit-based diets are recognized for their benefits to human health. The safety of fruit is a global concern for scientists. Fruit microbiome represents the whole microorganisms that are associated with a fruit. These microbes are either found on the surfaces (epiphytes) or in the tissues of the fruit (endophytes). The recent knowledge gained from these microbial communities is considered relevant to the field of biological control in prevention of postharvest fruit pathology. In this study, the importance of the microbiome of certain fruits and how it holds promise for solving the problems inherent in biocontrol and postharvest crop protection are summarized. Research needs on the fruit microbiome are highlighted. Data from DNA sequencing and "meta-omics" technologies very recently applied to the study of microbial communities of fruits in the postharvest context are also discussed. Various fruit parameters, management practices, and environmental conditions are the main determinants of the microbiome. Microbial communities can be classified according to their structure and function in fruit tissues. A critical mechanism of microbial biological control agents is to reshape and interact with the microbiome of the fruit. The ability to control the microbiome of any fruit is a great potential in postharvest management of fruits. Research on the fruit microbiome offers important opportunities to develop postharvest biocontrol strategies and products, as well as the health profile of the fruit.
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TL;DR: This review reports on the many benefits that fungal endophytes provide to agricultural plants against common non-insect pests such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, and mites, and describes why this broad group of fungi is vitally important to current and future agricultural practices.
Abstract: Virtually all examined plant species harbour fungal endophytes which asymptomatically infect or colonize living plant tissues, including leaves, branches, stems and roots. Endophyte-host interactions are complex and span the mutualist–pathogen continuum. Notably, mutualist endophytes can confer increased fitness to their host plants compared with uncolonized plants, which has attracted interest in their potential application in integrated plant health management strategies. In this review, we report on the many benefits that fungal endophytes provide to agricultural plants against common non-insect pests such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, and mites. We report endophytic modes of action against the aforementioned pests and describe why this broad group of fungi is vitally important to current and future agricultural practices. We also list an extensive number of plant-friendly endophytes and detail where they are most commonly found or applied in different studies. This review acts as a general resource for understanding endophytes as they relate to potential large-scale agricultural applications.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a review on the pathogenesis of major decay fungi and isolation of antagonists used to manage post-harvest decay in apple is presented, and the mode of action of postharvest biocontrol agents (BCAs), including recent molecular and genomic studies, is also discussed.
Abstract: Apple is the largest fruit crop produced in temperate regions and is a popular fruit worldwide. It is, however, susceptible to a variety of postharvest fungal pathogens, including Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Monilia spp., and Alternaria spp. Decays resulting from fungal infections severely reduce apple quality and marketable yield. Biological control utilizing bacterial and fungal antagonists is an eco-friendly and effective method of managing postharvest decay in horticultural crops. In the current review, research on the pathogenesis of major decay fungi and isolation of antagonists used to manage postharvest decay in apple is presented. The mode of action of postharvest biocontrol agents (BCAs), including recent molecular and genomic studies, is also discussed. Recent research on the apple microbiome and its relationship to disease management is highlighted, and the use of additives and physical treatments to enhance biocontrol efficacy of BCAs is reviewed. Biological control is a critical component of an integrated management system for the sustainable approaches to apple production. Additional research will be required to explore the feasibility of developing beneficial microbial consortia and novel antimicrobial compounds derived from BCAs for postharvest disease management, as well as genetic approaches, such as the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the strength and weaknesses of different Ochratoxin A (OTA) control methods and the contemporary approaches to enhance the efficiency of biocontrol agents are analyzed.
6 citations
TL;DR: Wickerhamomyces anomalus was found to control the postharvest disease of kiwifruit and the composition and structure changes of the fungal community in microbial flora were significantly greater than those of bacteria after W. anomalus treated as mentioned in this paper .
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the binding properties, microstructure and emulsifying properties of the SPI/HACC complexes were determined and analyzed, and the results showed that the interaction them is mainly through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction and steric hindrance effect.
4 citations
References
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TL;DR: This chapter discusses the foundations of Qualitative Data Analysis, as well as some of the techniques used in designing and implementing the display systems used in this book.
Abstract: Contents List of Displays Preface to the Third Edition by Johnny Saldana Acknowledgements from the Second Edition by Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman About the Authors PART I. THE SUBSTANTIVE START 1. Introduction 2. Research Design and Management 3. Ethical Issues in Analysis 4. Fundamentals of Qualitative Data Analysis PART II. DISPLAYING THE DATA 5. Designing Matrix and Network Displays 6. Methods of Exploring 7. Methods of Describing 8. Methods of Ordering 9. Methods of Explaining 10. Methods of Predicting PART III: MAKING GOOD SENSE 11. Drawing and Verifying Conclusions 12. Writing About Qualitative Research 13. Closure Appendix - An Annotated Bibliography of Qualitative Research Resources References Index
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TL;DR: Physiological and molecular data on the factors that drive selection processes in the rhizosphere are presented and implications for agriculture, nature conservation and biotechnology will also be discussed.
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TL;DR: This review addresses the concept of endophytism, considering the latest insights into evolution, plant ecosystem functioning, and multipartite interactions.
Abstract: All plants are inhabited internally by diverse microbial communities comprising bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protistic taxa. These microorganisms showing endophytic lifestyles play crucial roles in plant development, growth, fitness, and diversification. The increasing awareness of and information on endophytes provide insight into the complexity of the plant microbiome. The nature of plant-endophyte interactions ranges from mutualism to pathogenicity. This depends on a set of abiotic and biotic factors, including the genotypes of plants and microbes, environmental conditions, and the dynamic network of interactions within the plant biome. In this review, we address the concept of endophytism, considering the latest insights into evolution, plant ecosystem functioning, and multipartite interactions.
1,677 citations
TL;DR: Dynamic changes observed during microbiome acquisition, as well as steady-state compositions of spatial compartments, support a multistep model for root microbiome assembly from soil wherein the rhizoplane plays a selective gating role.
Abstract: Plants depend upon beneficial interactions between roots and microbes for nutrient availability, growth promotion, and disease suppression. High-throughput sequencing approaches have provided recent insights into root microbiomes, but our current understanding is still limited relative to animal microbiomes. Here we present a detailed characterization of the root-associated microbiomes of the crop plant rice by deep sequencing, using plants grown under controlled conditions as well as field cultivation at multiple sites. The spatial resolution of the study distinguished three root-associated compartments, the endosphere (root interior), rhizoplane (root surface), and rhizosphere (soil close to the root surface), each of which was found to harbor a distinct microbiome. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, microbiome composition varied with soil source and genotype. In field conditions, geographical location and cultivation practice, namely organic vs. conventional, were factors contributing to microbiome variation. Rice cultivation is a major source of global methane emissions, and methanogenic archaea could be detected in all spatial compartments of field-grown rice. The depth and scale of this study were used to build coabundance networks that revealed potential microbial consortia, some of which were involved in methane cycling. Dynamic changes observed during microbiome acquisition, as well as steady-state compositions of spatial compartments, support a multistep model for root microbiome assembly from soil wherein the rhizoplane plays a selective gating role. Similarities in the distribution of phyla in the root microbiomes of rice and other plants suggest that conclusions derived from this study might be generally applicable to land plants.
1,673 citations
TL;DR: The hologenome theory of evolution considers the holobiont (the animal or plant with all of its associated microorganisms) as a unit of selection in evolution and fits within the framework of the 'superorganism' proposed by Wilson and Sober.
Abstract: We present here the hologenome theory of evolution, which considers the holobiont (the animal or plant with all of its associated microorganisms) as a unit of selection in evolution. The hologenome is defined as the sum of the genetic information of the host and its microbiota. The theory is based on four generalizations: (1) All animals and plants establish symbiotic relationships with microorganisms. (2) Symbiotic microorganisms are transmitted between generations. (3) The association between host and symbionts affects the fitness of the holobiont within its environment. (4) Variation in the hologenome can be brought about by changes in either the host or the microbiota genomes; under environmental stress, the symbiotic microbial community can change rapidly. These points taken together suggest that the genetic wealth of diverse microbial symbionts can play an important role both in adaptation and in evolution of higher organisms. During periods of rapid changes in the environment, the diverse microbial symbiont community can aid the holobiont in surviving, multiplying and buying the time necessary for the host genome to evolve. The distinguishing feature of the hologenome theory is that it considers all of the diverse microbiota associated with the animal or the plant as part of the evolving holobiont. Thus, the hologenome theory fits within the framework of the 'superorganism' proposed by Wilson and Sober.
1,270 citations