Upgrading of bio-oil from biomass fast pyrolysis in China: A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the properties of bio-oil, research progress, advantages and disadvantages of upgrading techniques of biooil from biomass fast pyrolysis in China, with the hope of promoting the development of upgrading and application of bio oil in China.
Abstract: Bio-oil is a brown liquid product from biomass fast pyrolysis. The upgrading of bio-oil has been a hotspot due to its contribution to the application of bio-oil. The properties of bio-oil, research progress, advantages and disadvantages of upgrading techniques of bio-oil from biomass fast pyrolysis in China are summarized, with the hope of promoting the development of upgrading and application of bio-oil in China. The upgrading techniques include hydrogenation, hydrodeoxygenation, catalytic pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, steam reforming, molecular distillation, supercritical fluids, esterification and emulsification. Also, the current problems are summarized and several future development directions of bio-oil upgrading are pointed out.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a general summary of the properties of pyrolytic products and their analysis methods is given, as well as a review of the parameters that affect the process and a summary of current state of the art.
Abstract: Pyrolysis is one of the thermochemical technologies for converting biomass into energy and chemical products consisting of liquid bio-oil, solid biochar, and pyrolytic gas. Depending on the heating rate and residence time, biomass pyrolysis can be divided into three main categories slow (conventional), fast and flash pyrolysis mainly aiming at maximising either the bio-oil or biochar yields. Synthesis gas or hydrogen-rich gas can also be the target of biomass pyrolysis. Maximised gas rates can be achieved through the catalytic pyrolysis process, which is now increasingly being developed. Biomass pyrolysis generally follows a three-step mechanism comprising of dehydration, primary and secondary reactions. Dehydrogenation, depolymerisation, and fragmentation are the main competitive reactions during the primary decomposition of biomass. A number of parameters affect the biomass pyrolysis process, yields and properties of products. These include the biomass type, biomass pretreatment (physical, chemical, and biological), reaction atmosphere, temperature, heating rate and vapour residence time. This manuscript gives a general summary of the properties of the pyrolytic products and their analysis methods. Also provided are a review of the parameters that affect biomass pyrolysis and a summary of the state of industrial pyrolysis technologies.
1,379 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, researches on biochar are discussed in terms of production method and application, and different processes for biochar production, such as pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal carbonization, etc.
809 citations
TL;DR: A review of the worldwide history, current status, and predictable future trend of bioenergy and bio-fuels can be found in this paper, with a focus on the development and utilization of renewable energy such as bioenergy.
Abstract: The recent energy independence and climate change policies encourage development and utilization of renewable energy such as bioenergy. Biofuels in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms have been intensively researched, produced, and used over the past 15 years. This paper reviews the worldwide history, current status, and predictable future trend of bioenergy and biofuels. Bioenergy has been utilized for cooking, heating, and lighting since the dawn of humans. The energy stored in annually produced biomass by terrestrial plants is 3–4 times greater than the current global energy demand. Solid biofuels include firewood, wood chips, wood pellets, and wood charcoal. The global consumption of firewood and charcoal has been remaining relatively constant, but the use of wood chips and wood pellets for electricity (biopower) generation and residential heating doubled in the past decade and will increase steadily into the future. Liquid biofuels cover bioethanol, biodiesel, pyrolysis bio-oil, and drop-in transportation fuels. Commercial production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials has just started, supplementing the annual supply of 22 billion gallons predominantly from food crops. Biodiesel from oil seeds reached the 5670 million gallons/yr production capacity, with further increases depending on new feedstock development. Bio-oil and drop-in biofuels are still in the development stage, facing cost-effective conversion and upgrading challenges. Gaseous biofuels extend to biogas and syngas. Production of biogas from organic wastes by anaerobic digestion has been rapidly increasing in Europe and China, with the potential to displace 25% of the current natural gas consumption. In comparison, production of syngas from gasification of woody biomass is not cost-competitive and therefore, narrowly practiced. Overall, the global development and utilization of bioenergy and biofuels will continue to increase, particularly in the biopower, lignocellulosic bioethanol, and biogas sectors. It is expected that by 2050 bioenergy will provide 30% of the world’s demanded energy.
641 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors systematically review the state-of-the-art of biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies, including product purity and impurities, methane recovery and loss, upgrading efficiency and the investment and operating costs.
Abstract: Biogas is experiencing a period of rapid development and biogas upgrading is attracting increasing attention. Consequently, the market for biogas upgrading is facing significant challenges in terms of energy consumption and operating costs. Selection of upgrading technology is site-specific, case-sensitive and dependent on the biogas utilisation requirements and local circumstances. Therefore, matching the technology selected for use to specific requirements is significantly important. This paper systematically reviews the state-of-the-art of biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies, including product purity and impurities, methane recovery and loss, upgrading efficiency and the investment and operating costs. In addition, the potential utilisation of biogas and the corresponding requirements on gas quality are investigated in depth. Based on the results of comparisons between the technical features of upgrading technologies, the specific requirements for different gas utilizations and the relevant investment and operating costs, recommendations are made regarding appropriate technology.
610 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive review of the strategies to produce furfural, new approaches and numerous possibilities to utilize it in industrial and laboratory sector for the production of fuel additives and value-added chemicals are discussed.
Abstract: As our high dependence on the supply of diminishing fossil fuel reserves raise great concerns in its environmental, political and economic consequences, utilization of renewable biomass as an alternative resource has become increasingly important. Along this background, furfural as a building block, offers a promising, rich platform for lignocellulosic biofuels and value-added chemicals. These include 2-methylfuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, furan, tetrahydrofuran as well as various cyclo-products (e.g., cyclopentanol, cyclopentanone). The various production routes started from furfural to various fuel additives and chemicals are critically reviewed, and the current technologies for efficient production are identified. Their potential applications as well as the fuel properties of these products are discussed. Challenges and areas that need improvement are also highlighted in the corresponding area. In short, we conduct a comprehensive review of the strategies to produce furfural, new approaches and numerous possibilities to utilize furfural in industrial and laboratory sector for the production of fuel additives and value-added chemicals.
545 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the physicochemical properties and characteristics of the components and compositions of biomass pyrolysis oil have been discussed with some suggestions on upgrading and applications of bio-oil in the decades.
1,363 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the research efforts to improve the bio-oil production from biomass and pointed out barriers to achieving improvements in the future, including biooil basics (e.g., characteristics, chemistry), application, environmental and economic assessment.
Abstract: Biomass can be utilized to produce bio-oil, a promising alternative energy source for the limited crude oil. There are mainly two processes involved in the conversion of biomass to bio-oil: flash pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. The cost of bio-oil production from biomass is relatively high based on current technologies, and the main challenges are the low yield and poor bio-oil quality. Considerable research efforts have been made to improve the bio-oil production from biomass. Scientific and technical developments towards improving bio-oil yield and quality to date are reviewed, with an emphasis on bio-oil upgrading research. Furthermore, the article covers some major issues that associated with bio-oil from biomass, which includes bio-oil basics (e.g., characteristics, chemistry), application, environmental and economic assessment. It also points out barriers to achieving improvements in the future.
866 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the detailed fuel properties of bio-oils are discussed and discussed how these properties affect the utilization of Bio-Oils in terms of converting biomass to liquid fuels.
735 citations
TL;DR: In this article, physical and chemical characteristics of bio-oils relevant to fuel applications as well as some low-cost methods for improvement of these properties are discussed, and the authors also provide bio-oil specifications proposed by some industrial users.
Abstract: Biomass pyrolysis oils have potential to be used as a fuel oil substitute. Combustion tests have shown that the oils burn efficiently in standard or slightly modified boilers and engines with rates similar to those for commercial fuels. However, these tests also identified several challenges in bio-oils applications resulting from their properties. The oils have heating values of only 40−50% of that for hydrocarbon fuels. They have a high water content that is detrimental for ignition. Organic acids in the oils are corrosive to common construction materials. Solids (char) can block injectors or erode turbine blades. Over time, reactivity of some components in the oils leads to formation of larger molecules that results in high viscosity and in slower combustion. This paper discusses physical and chemical characteristics of bio-oils relevant to fuel applications as well as some low-cost methods for improvement of these properties. It also provides bio-oil specifications proposed by some industrial users an...
731 citations
TL;DR: It was indicated that the collected liquid in the second condenser with HZSM-5 had high qualities and might be used as transport oil.
429 citations