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Journal ArticleDOI

Uplift of Anchor Plates in Sand

01 Mar 1987-Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (American Society of Civil Engineers)-Vol. 113, Iss: 3, pp 202-215
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation into the vertical uplift of anchor plates in a cohesionless medium is described, and factors investigated in relation to the loaddisplacement response were the size and shape of plate.
Abstract: An investigation into the vertical uplift of anchor plates in a cohesionless medium is described. Factors investigated in relation to the loaddisplacement response were the size and shape of plate,...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a rigorous numerical study to estimate the ultimate pullout load for vertical and horizontal plate anchors in frictional soils, which is based on finite element formulations of the upper and lower bound theorems of limit analysis.
Abstract: During the last 30 years various researchers have proposed approximate techniques to estimate the uplift capacity of soil anchors. As the majority of past research has been experimentally based, much current design practice is based on empiricism. Somewhat surprisingly, very few numerical analyses have been performed to determine the ultimate pullout loads of anchors. This paper presents the results of a rigorous numerical study to estimate the ultimate pullout load for vertical and horizontal plate anchors in frictional soils. Rigorous bounds have been obtained using two numerical procedures that are based on finite element formulations of the upper and lower bound theorems of limit analysis. For comparison purposes, numerical estimates of the break-out factor have also been obtained using the more conventional displacement finite element method. Results are presented in the familiar form of break-out factors based on various soil strength profiles and geometries and are compared with existing numerical ...

231 citations


Cites background or methods from "Uplift of Anchor Plates in Sand"

  • ...In the case of horizontal anchors, the failure mechanism is generally assumed to be a logarithmic spiral in shape (Murray and Geddes 1987), and the distribution of stress is obtained either by using Kotter’s equation (Balla 1961) or by making an assumption regarding the orientation of the resultant force acting on the failure plane....

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  • ...librium solution of Murray and Geddes (1987)....

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  • ...A comparison between the finite element lower bound and the model anchor tests of Murray and Geddes (1989) is...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An experimental investigation of the uplift behavior of relatively large scale model circular plate anchors up to 400 mm in diameter embedded in loose, medium-dense, and dense dry sand is described in this article.
Abstract: An experimental investigation of the uplift behaviour of relatively large scale model circular plate anchors up to 400 mm in diameter embedded in loose, medium-dense, and dense dry sand is describe...

144 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed investigation of axial performance of helical piles is presented, where axial loads are investigated for both tensile and compressive axial load loads.
Abstract: Helical piles are increasingly used to support and rehabilitate structures subjected to both tensile and compressive axial loads This paper presents a detailed investigation into the axial perform

140 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a limit equilibrium solution for the uplift resistance of pipes and plate anchors buried in sand is proposed, and validated using a database of 115 model tests on pipes and strip anchors assembled from the published literature.
Abstract: The design of buried anchors and pipelines requires assessment of the peak uplift resistance. This paper describes a limit equilibrium solution for the uplift resistance of pipes and plate anchors buried in sand. The geometry of this solution reflects observations from model tests. Peak angles of friction and dilation are found using established correlations that capture the influence of stress level and density. These angles govern the geometry of the failure mechanism and the mobilised resistance. The solution is validated using a database of 115 model tests on pipes and strip anchors assembled from the published literature. Good agreement with the overall database is shown, without optimisation of any input parameters. The method overpredicts the uplift resistance of smooth model pipes by ∼10%, highlighting the influence of pipe roughness. In contrast, it is shown that the solution for uplift resistance based on the limit theorems of plasticity is generally unconservative. The assumption of normality, ...

136 citations


Cites background or methods from "Uplift of Anchor Plates in Sand"

  • ...Various prediction formulae based on an assumed failure mechanism have also been proposed (e.g. Vermeer & Sutjiadi, 1985; Trautmann et al., 1985; Murray & Geddes, 1987)....

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  • ...Results for rectangular plate anchors reported by Murray & Geddes (1987) and Rowe & Davis (1982) suggest that this aspect ratio is sufficient to eliminate end effects, thus simulating plane-strain conditions....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the peak forces exerted on the pipe by lateral and upward pipe movements under different embedding conditions and found that there is large uncertainty in the true values since the bounds established by the analytical solutions are large.
Abstract: The soil–pipeline interactions in sand under lateral and upward movements are investigated with particular attention to the peak forces exerted on the pipe. The analytical solutions for estimating the peak forces are summarized and it is shown that, for deep embedment condition, there is large uncertainty in the true values since the bounds established by the analytical solutions are large. In order to find the solution for the peak force and to investigate its transition from shallow to deep failure mechanism, finite element analyses of lateral and upward pipe movements are performed for different embedment conditions. Two different soil models (Mohr–Coulomb and Nor–Sand models) are used for the simulations. The accuracy of the analysis is first examined by simulating experimental tank tests. The analysis is further extended to deeper embedment ratios of as large as 100. The obtained finite element results are used to construct a design chart for deep embedded pipelines.

122 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the safe loads for a Prandtl-Reuss material subject to surface tractions or displacements which increase in ratio are extended to any perfectly plastic material and any history of loading.
Abstract: Earlier results [1,2]2 on safe loads for a Prandtl-Reuss material subject to surface tractions or displacements which increase in ratio are here extended to any perfectly plastic material and any history of loading.

636 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the ultimate uplift capacity of foundations with special reference to transmission tower footings is evaluated and a number of model uplift tests made by the authors and by others are studied and evaluated.
Abstract: The ultimate uplift capacity of foundations with special reference to transmission tower footings is evaluated. A number of model uplift tests made by the authors and by others were studied and com...

540 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a theoretical investigation into the behavior of anchor plates in sand, considering the effects of anchor embedment, friction angle, dilatancy, initial stress and initial stress on the anchor.
Abstract: This Paper describes a theoretical investigation into the behaviour of anchor plates in sand. Consideration is given to the effects of anchor embedment, friction angle, dilatancy, initial stress st...

355 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For relatively shallow anchors in undisturbed dense and stiff soils, general shear along a convex, torical slip surface is observed as mentioned in this paper, which degenerates into a cylindrical surface for remolded, compressible and semiliquid soils.
Abstract: Soil resistance to withdrawal is found to be greatly affected by failure patterns. For relatively shallow anchors in undisturbed dense and stiff soils general shear along a convex, torical slip surface is observed. For remolded, compressible and semiliquid soils this pattern degenerates into a cylindrical surface. For deeply embedded objects punching shear failure is observed. In semiliquid soils this is accompanied by flow of soil into the vacuum created by withdrawal of the object. Theoretical analysis considering soil to be rigid-plastic near the surface and elastic-plastic at greater depth appears to give reasonable estimates in soft and loose soils; it underestimates the breakout resistance in stiff and dense soils. The least understood components of breakout force are those attributed to soil suction and adhesion between the object and surrounding soil. It appears that the problem of soil suction can be handled as a problem of pore-pressure difference on two sides of the pulled object.

246 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a series of tests on model anchor plates in sand are described in the form of dimensionless force coefficients and shape factors relating failure loads to the geometry of the anchor and its depth of embedment.
Abstract: There are many situations in civil engineering where vertical earth anchors must be used to withstand horizontal loading. A series of tests is described on model anchor plates in sand. The results are presented in the form of dimensionless force coefficients and shape factors relating failure loads to the geometry of the anchor and its depth of embedment. The method of stress characteristics is used to produce comparable theoretical values which agree well with experimental results at both model and field scales. The measured shape factors are independent of the size of the plate, and this contrasts with the force coefficients which decrease with increasing anchor size. A theoretical solution has been developed which allows φ to vary in a failure zone, depending on stress levels in the computations, and the effect is shown to be important. Difficulties in selecting suitable φ-values for design are outlined, and possible design procedures examined.

74 citations