Usage of Rhizobial Inoculants in Agriculture
01 Jan 2019-pp 221-247
TL;DR: In this chapter, the history and current status of rhizobial inoculation application around the world are reviewed briefly, the strategy for screening and choosing effective rhizobia, preparation of inoculant and application in agriculture for specific legumes are discussed.
Abstract: In this chapter, the history and current status of rhizobial inoculation application around the world are reviewed briefly. Then, the strategy for screening and choosing effective rhizobia, preparation of inoculant and application in agriculture for specific legumes are discussed. Next, some microelements and biostimulants are proposed to be used together with rhizobial inoculants to enhance symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Finally, the other roles of rhizobia beyond nitrogen fixation are discussed.
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TL;DR: A ‘1+n−N’ model is proposed to promote the function of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in agricultural practice, where ’1’ refers to appreciate rhizobium; ‘+n’ means the addition of multiple trace elements and PGPR bacteria; and ‘− N’ implies the reduction of chemical nitrogen fertilizer.
Abstract: Currently, symbiotic rhizobia (sl., rhizobium) refer to the soil bacteria in α- and β-Proteobacteria that can induce root and/or stem nodules on some legumes and a few of nonlegumes. In the nodules, rhizobia convert the inert dinitrogen gas (N2 ) into ammonia (NH3 ) and supply them as nitrogen nutrient to the host plant. In general, this symbiotic association presents specificity between rhizobial and leguminous species, and most of the rhizobia use lipochitooligosaccharides, so called Nod factor (NF), for cooperating with their host plant to initiate the formation of nodule primordium and to inhibit the plant immunity. Besides NF, effectors secreted by type III secretion system (T3SS), exopolysaccharides and many microbe-associated molecular patterns in the rhizobia also play important roles in nodulation and immunity response between rhizobia and legumes. However, the promiscuous hosts like Glycine max and Sophora flavescens can nodulate with various rhizobial species harbouring diverse symbiosis genes in different soils, meaning that the nodulation specificity/efficiency might be mainly determined by the host plants and regulated by the soil conditions in a certain cases. Based on previous studies on rhizobial application, we propose a '1+n-N' model to promote the function of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in agricultural practice, where '1' refers to appreciate rhizobium; '+n' means the addition of multiple trace elements and PGPR bacteria; and '-N' implies the reduction of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. Finally, open questions in the SNF field are raised to future think deeply and researches.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the features of separate and joint influence of microbiological preparation Ryzohumin and biostimulants (Stimpo, Rehoplant) on growth, development, photoassimilating apparatus and yield formation processes in peas of Devis variety in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine were studied.
Abstract: Soil fertility deterioration and crop resistance weakening are among the undesirable consequences of the agricultural production intensifcation. The use of microbiological preparations and biostimulants complexes in the crops cultivation technology stimulates their growth processes, optimizes mineral nutrition, increases yields in adverse conditions. The paper aims to study the features of separate and joint influence of microbiological preparation Ryzohumin and biostimulants (Stimpo, Rehoplant) on growth, development, photoassimilating apparatus and yield formation processes in peas of Devis variety in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. During the experiment, the number of root nodules was calculated, the leaf area index, the content of chlorophyll were determined, and the netto-photosynthesis productivity was calculated. The structural elements of the biological productivity of pea crops were recorded. It was established that the joint effect of Ryzohumin with biostimulants (Stimpo, Rehoplant) increased the number of root nodules on pea plants at different stages of the vegetation. The tested preparations increased the leaf area index of pea crops at maximum in 1.5 times during vegetative growth and in 1.6 times during generative development. The combined use of Ryzohumin with biostimulants allowed to form a larger area of the pea plants leaf surface than when was used in separate application. In the case of joint interaction of Stimpo with Ryzohumin, the productivity of nettophotosynthesis at the phase of 5–6 stipules-budding exceeded by 21–27 % and at the phase of flowering-bean formation exceeded by 7–14 % the best option with separate use of preparations. The use of Ryzohumin, Stimpo and Rehoplant resulted in an increase in the number of beans on plants by 22 %, 4 % and 11 %, respectively, and compared to the control. The obtained biological yield of peas under combined application of Ryzohumin with Stimpo exceeded by 12–14 %, and Ryzohumin with Rehoplant – by 6–11 %, comparing with the yield of pea crops, where the studied preparations were used separately. The obtained data confrm the future perspective to research of the pea crops productive processes under the influence of biological preparations.
Key words: peas, biostimulator, Ryzohumin, Rehoplant, Stimpo, photoassimilation apparatus, yield.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a green, sustainable approach for removing the molybdenum pollutant and to offset the treatment cost by obtaining values from microalgal by-products was designed.
Abstract: Due to industrialization and growing population have greatly affected the quality of natural water resources globally. Molybdenum is a harmful metal that can cause serious health issues when exposed to >10 ppm levels. Several industries routinely discharged it, hence posing the environmental problems. For discharged industrial effluents, there are not any environmentally friendly and sustainable treatment method have developed for removing molybdenum hazards. The objective of this study was to design a green, sustainable approach for removing the molybdenum pollutant and to offset the treatment cost by obtaining values from microalgal by-products. Chlorella sorokiniana TU5 and Picochlorum oklahomensis, two fast-growing microalgal strains, were used for molybdenum treatment. The maximum removal efficiency was 115.65 mg L−1 with biomass and lipid yield of 2.35 g L−1 and 579.3 mg L−1, respectively, after 14 days of growth and further exposure to molybdenum pollutant. The molybdenum removal capacity was further increased by optimizing crucial factors, pH and temperature before removing biomass from the aqueous phase. Zeta potential study helped to determine the pH range that appropriately facilitate the strongest possible ionic bonds, leading to the enhanced molybdenum adsorption. In order to verify molybdenum adsorption and comprehend the dominating and quantitative interactions, FTIR was carried out to analyze the reactive groups in the algal cell surface. The current work analyses to control external parameters for improving the adsorption efficiency during harvesting of microalgal biomass, which efficiently improved the removal of molybdenum (V) from the liquid phase. The proposed technique aims to improve the bioremediation efficiency of molybdenum and other inorganic contaminants at an industrial scale by using microalgal treatment.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a case study is conducted on Wangi-Wangi island, Wakatobi Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia with the consideration that this area can represent the characteristics of the agroforestry system in small island communities in the SE-Sulawesi archipelago.
Abstract: The communities of small islands have local wisdom in the agroforestry system as a form of adaptation to agricultural technology in a dry land with dry climates. This study aims to find and explain agroforestry systems based on local wisdom in small islands. The study was conducted in April-December 2021. The case study is located on Wangi-Wangi Island, Wakatobi Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province with the consideration that this area can represent the characteristics of the agroforestry system in small island communities in the Southeast Sulawesi archipelago. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and literature studies using the triangulation method. Data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively using historical and phenomenological approaches. The results showed that there were agroforestry systems based on local wisdom, namely weli’a, rawu’a, and ontoala. The three systems are applied to different topographical characteristics of the land and have been proven to be socially, economically, and ecologically beneficial.
TL;DR: In particular, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo recopilar información de la importancia de las bacterias simbióticas in el cultivo de maní as discussed by the authors .
Abstract: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo recopilar información de la importancia de las bacterias simbióticas en el cultivo de maní. El maní es de gran importancia económica, estando presente dentro de los cuatro granos más importantes del mundo. Su amplia distribución va desde Asia, África, América y Sur América. Todo el proceso biológico de una leguminosa se ejecuta en el sistema radicular en donde los Rhizobium que forman parte de los nódulos radiculares se encargan de fijar nitrógeno de forma independiente, este proceso se encarga de desencadenar el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de las plantas. Las bacterias simbióticas presentes en el suelo son las encargadas de fijar el nitrógeno, así como nitrato y amonio, estas bacterias toman el nitrógeno del aire, dando origen a compuestos capaces de incorporarse a la composición de los seres vivos y del suelo. Las rizobacterias tienen ventajas relacionadas con la promoción del crecimiento de las plantas, a través de la parte aérea y de la raíz, induciendo la producción de hormonas inductoras del crecimiento en las plantas y ayudando a proporcionar nutrientes a las raíces. Una disminución de fertilizantes químicos por bacterias simbióticas o rizobacterias pueden dar un giro a las técnicas de producción en el mundo por ellas ser de gran eficacia para las leguminosas como el maní.
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests, and the Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition.
Abstract: Nutritional Physiology: Introduction, Definition, and Classification of Mineral Nutrients. Ion Uptake Mechanisms of Individual Cells and Roots: Short Distance Transport. Long-Distance Transport in the Xylem and Phloem and its Regulation. Uptake and Release of Mineral Elements by Leaves and Other Aerial Plant Parts. Yield and the Source-Sink Relationships. Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response. Nitrogen Fixation. Functions of Mineral Nutrients: Macronutrients. Function of Mineral Nutrients: Micronutrients. Beneficial Mineral Elements. Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests. Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity of Mineral Nutrients. Plant-Soil Relationships: Nutrient Availability in Soils. Effect of Internal and External Factors on Root Growth and Development. The Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition. Adaptation of Plants to Adverse Chemical Soil Conditions. References. Subject Index.
18,276 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the relationship between mineral nutrition and plant diseases and pests, and diagnose deficiency and toxicity of mineral nutrients in leaves and other aerial parts of a plant.
Abstract: Nutritional Physiology: Introduction, Definition, and Classification of Mineral Nutrients. Ion Uptake Mechanisms of Individual Cells and Roots: Short Distance Transport. Long-Distance Transport in the Xylem and Phloem and its Regulation. Uptake and Release of Mineral Elements by Leaves and Other Aerial Plant Parts. Yield and the Source-Sink Relationships. Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response. Nitrogen Fixation. Functions of Mineral Nutrients: Macronutrients. Function of Mineral Nutrients: Micronutrients. Beneficial Mineral Elements. Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests. Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity of Mineral Nutrients. Plant-Soil Relationships: Nutrient Availability in Soils. Effect of Internal and External Factors on Root Growth and Development. The Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition. Adaptation of Plants to Adverse Chemical Soil Conditions. References. Subject Index.
16,025 citations
TL;DR: A manual for the practical study of root-nodule bacteria, and a guide to the collection of and usage of such manuals.
Abstract: A manual for the practical study of root-nodule bacteria , A manual for the practical study of root-nodule bacteria , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
4,844 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: A manual for the practical study of root-nodule bacteria is presented in this article, where the authors present a set of root nodule genes and root nodes.
Abstract: A manual for the practical study of root-nodule bacteria , A manual for the practical study of root-nodule bacteria , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
4,167 citations
TL;DR: This review restricts itself to bacteria that are derived from and exert this effect on the root and generally designated as PGPR (plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria), which can be direct or indirect in their effects on plant growth.
Abstract: Several microbes promote plant growth, and many microbial products that stimulate plant growth have been marketed. In this review we restrict ourselves to bacteria that are derived from and exert this effect on the root. Such bacteria are generally designated as PGPR (plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria). The beneficial effects of these rhizobacteria on plant growth can be direct or indirect. This review begins with describing the conditions under which bacteria live in the rhizosphere. To exert their beneficial effects, bacteria usually must colonize the root surface efficiently. Therefore, bacterial traits required for root colonization are subsequently described. Finally, several mechanisms by which microbes can act beneficially on plant growth are described. Examples of direct plant growth promotion that are discussed include (a) biofertilization, (b) stimulation of root growth, (c) rhizoremediation, and (d) plant stress control. Mechanisms of biological control by which rhizobacteria can promote plant growth indirectly, i.e., by reducing the level of disease, include antibiosis, induction of systemic resistance, and competition for nutrients and niches.
3,761 citations