TL;DR: In this paper, the use of a projector-based spatial augmented reality system in an industrial quality assurance setting to highlight spot-weld locations on vehicle panels for manual welding operators is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents the use of a projector-based spatial augmented reality system in an industrial quality assurance setting to highlight spot-weld locations on vehicle panels for manual welding operators. The aim of this work is to improve the precision and accuracy of manual spot-weld placements with the aid of visual cues as a proactive step by the automotive manufacturer to enhance product quality. The prototype system was deployed at General Motors (GM) Holden plant in Elizabeth, Australia on the production line building Holden Cruze vehicles. Production trials were conducted and techniques developed to analyse and validate the precision and accuracy of spot-welds both with and without the visual cues. A reduction of 52 % of the standard deviation of manual spot-weld placement was observed when using augmented reality visual cues. The average standard deviation with-AR assistance (19 panels and 114 spot-welds) was calculated at 1.94 mm compared to without-AR (45 panels and 270 spot-welds) at 4.08 mm. All welds were within the required specification and panels evaluated in this study were used as the final product made available to consumers. The visual cues enabled operators to spot-weld at a higher degree of precision and accuracy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conduct a systematic and content-centric review of literature based on a six-stage approach to identify key design principles and technology trends of Industry 4.0.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to conduct a state-of-the-art review of the ongoing research on the Industry 4.0 phenomenon, highlight its key design principles and technology trends, identify its architectural design and offer a strategic roadmap that can serve manufacturers as a simple guide for the process of Industry 4.0 transition.,The study performs a systematic and content-centric review of literature based on a six-stage approach to identify key design principles and technology trends of Industry 4.0. The study further benefits from a comprehensive content analysis of the 178 documents identified, both manually and via IBM Watson’s natural language processing for advanced text analysis.,Industry 4.0 is an integrative system of value creation that is comprised of 12 design principles and 14 technology trends. Industry 4.0 is no longer a hype and manufacturers need to get on board sooner rather than later.,The strategic roadmap presented in this study can serve academicians and practitioners as a stepping stone for development of a detailed strategic roadmap for successful transition from traditional manufacturing into the Industry 4.0. However, there is no one-size-fits-all strategy that suits all businesses or industries, meaning that the Industry 4.0 roadmap for each company is idiosyncratic, and should be devised based on company’s core competencies, motivations, capabilities, intent, goals, priorities and budgets.,The first step for transitioning into the Industry 4.0 is the development of a comprehensive strategic roadmap that carefully identifies and plans every single step a manufacturing company needs to take, as well as the timeline, and the costs and benefits associated with each step. The strategic roadmap presented in this study can offer as a holistic view of common steps that manufacturers need to undertake in their transition toward the Industry 4.0.,The study is among the first to identify, cluster and describe design principles and technology trends that are building blocks of the Industry 4.0. The strategic roadmap for Industry 4.0 transition presented in this study is expected to assist contemporary manufacturers to understand what implementing the Industry 4.0 really requires of them and what challenges they might face during the transition process.
TL;DR: It is found that, while technological aspects are of importance, organisational issues are more relevant for industry, which has not been reflected to the same extent in literature.
Abstract: Industrial augmented reality (AR) is an integral part of Industry 4.0 concepts, as it enables workers to access digital information and overlay that information with the physical world. While not being broadly adopted in some applications, the compound annual growth rate of the industrial AR market is projected to grow rapidly. Hence, it is important to understand the issues arising from implementation of AR in industry. This study identifies critical success factors and challenges for industrial AR implementation projects, based on an industry survey. The broadly used technology, organisation, environment (TOE) framework is used as a theoretical basis for the quantitative part of the questionnaire. A complementary qualitative part is used to underpin and extend the findings. It is found that, while technological aspects are of importance, organisational issues are more relevant for industry, which has not been reflected to the same extent in literature.
TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to classify the literature on AR published from 2006 to early 2017, to identify the main areas and sectors where AR is currently deployed, describe the technological solutions adopted, as well as the main benefits achievable with this kind of technology.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to analyze and review the scientific literature relating to the application of Augmented Reality (AR) technology in industry. AR technology is becoming increasingly diffu...
229 citations
Cites methods from "Use of projector based augmented re..."
...SAR has been applied to enhance the accuracy of automotive manufacturing processes (Doshi et al., 2017)....
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...SAR has been applied to enhance the accuracy of automotive manufacturing processes (Doshi et al., 2017). Examples of MAR usage in industry have been proposed by Shaaban et al. (2015) for the case...
TL;DR: The results of this review indicate that the context of research concerning AR gets increasingly broader, especially by addressing challenges when implementing AR solutions, and that the state of the art, the current challenges, and future directions of manufacturing related AR research get increasingly broader.
TL;DR: How AR has been applied, which industries are most interested in the technology, how the technology has been developed to meet industry needs, as well as the benefits and challenges of AR are described.
TL;DR: The concepts of power analysis are discussed in this paper, where Chi-square Tests for Goodness of Fit and Contingency Tables, t-Test for Means, and Sign Test are used.
Abstract: Contents: Prefaces. The Concepts of Power Analysis. The t-Test for Means. The Significance of a Product Moment rs (subscript s). Differences Between Correlation Coefficients. The Test That a Proportion is .50 and the Sign Test. Differences Between Proportions. Chi-Square Tests for Goodness of Fit and Contingency Tables. The Analysis of Variance and Covariance. Multiple Regression and Correlation Analysis. Set Correlation and Multivariate Methods. Some Issues in Power Analysis. Computational Procedures.
"Use of projector based augmented re..." refers methods in this paper
...The notations used for the statistical analysis are M is mean, SE is standard error of the mean, CI is the confidence interval, t (·) is the ttest value with the corresponding degree of freedom, p is the statistical significance value, and dc is Cohen’s effect size measure [33], which measures the mean difference between without-AR and with-AR data....
TL;DR: Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction is a thoroughly comprehensive guide to performing research and is essential reading for both quantitative and qualitative methods.
Abstract: Continual technological evolution has led to an explosion of new techniques in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research. Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction is a thoroughly comprehensive guide to performing research and is essential reading for both quantitative and qualitative methods. Chapters cover a broad range of topics relevant to the collection and analysis of HCI data, going beyond experimental design and surveys, to cover ethnography, time diaries, physiological measurements, case studies, and other essential elements in the well-informed HCI researcher's toolkit. This book is a must read for anyone in the field of Human-Computer Interaction. The multi-disciplinarian approach, housed in the reality of the technological world today, makes for a practical and informative guide for user interface designers, software and hardware engineers and anyone doing user research.Dr. Mary Czerwinski, Research Area Manager, Microsoft Research, USA Research Methods in HCI is an excellent read for practitioners and students alike. It discusses all the must-know theory, provides detailed instructions on how to carry out the research, and offers great examples. I loved it! Professor Vanessa Evers, Professor, Human Computer Studies Lab, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands "The book is superb: comprehensive, clear, and engaging! This is a one-stop HCI methods reference library. If you can only buy one HCI methods book, this is the one!"Dr. Clare-Marie Karat, IBM TJ Watson Research, USA, and recipient of the 2009 ACM SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award A much needed and very useful book, covering important HCI research methods overlooked in standard research methods texts. Professor Gilbert Cockton, School of Design, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
1,118 citations
"Use of projector based augmented re..." refers methods in this paper
...Following an expert review [32] performed by GM Holden Vehicle Operations, the minimalistic circle design with 15 mm radial circumference was chosen to be most suitable for the operators....
TL;DR: Flexible yet practical methods are presented, enabling low-cost mega-pixel display systems with large physical dimensions, higher resolution, or both, and new opportunities to build personal 3D visualization systems in offices, conference rooms, theaters, or even your living room.
Abstract: Conventional projector-based display systems are typically designed around precise and regular configurations of projectors and display surfaces. While this results in rendering simplicity and speed, it also means painstaking construction and ongoing maintenance. In previously published work, we introduced a vision of projector-based displays constructed from a collection of casually-arranged projectors and display surfaces. In this paper, we present flexible yet practical methods for realizing this vision, enabling low-cost mega-pixel display systems with large physical dimensions, higher resolution, or both. The techniques afford new opportunities to build personal 3D visualization systems in offices, conference rooms, theaters, or even your living room. As a demonstration of the simplicity and effectiveness of the methods that we continue to perfect, we show in the included video that a 10-year old child can construct and calibrate a two-camera, two-projector, head-tracked display system, all in about 15 minutes.
325 citations
"Use of projector based augmented re..." refers methods in this paper
...Projector calibration is performed by applying the method described in [29, 30], which maps 3D world points to 2D points on the projection plane....
TL;DR: A specific set of applications is described in detail, as well as a prototype system and the software library that it is built upon that could provide interoperability between various AR implementations.
Abstract: This paper presents cognitive studies and analyses relating to how augmented reality (AR) interacts with human abilities in order to benefit manufacturing and maintenance tasks A specific set of applications is described in detail, as well as a prototype system and the software library that it is built upon An integrated view of information flow to support AR is also presented, along with a proposal for an AR media language (ARML) that could provide interoperability between various AR implementations
296 citations
"Use of projector based augmented re..." refers background in this paper
...In contrast, our system addresses the current assembly AR limitations, with multi-user interaction, full projective coverage of the object/panel surface, increase of manual production efficiency (accuracy and precision) and to minimize unnecessary burden on operators when integrating new AR technology [28]....