Use of Surface Waves in Statistical Correlations of Shear Wave Velocity and Penetration Resistance of Chennai Soils
22 Aug 2010-Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (Springer Netherlands)-Vol. 28, Iss: 2, pp 119-137
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed empirical correlations between shear wave velocity and standard penetration test blow counts (SPT-N) for different categories of soil in Chennai city characterized by complex variation of soil conditions.
Abstract: Shear wave velocity (V
s) is one of the most important input parameter to represent the stiffness of the soil layers. It is preferable to measure V
s by in situ wave propagation tests, however it is often not economically feasible to perform the tests at all locations. Hence, a reliable correlation between V
s and standard penetration test blow counts (SPT-N) would be a considerable advantage. This paper presents the development of empirical correlations between V
s and SPT-N value for different categories of soil in Chennai city characterized by complex variation of soil conditions. The extensive shear wave velocity measurement was carried out using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) technique at the sites where the SPT-N values are available. The bender element test is performed to compare the field MASW test results for clayey soils. The correlations between shear wave velocity and SPT-N with and without energy corrections were developed for three categories of soil: all soils, sand and clay. The proposed correlations between uncorrected and energy corrected SPT-N were compared with regression equations proposed by various other investigators and found that the developed correlations exhibit good prediction performance. The proposed uncorrected and energy corrected SPT-N relationships show a slight variation in the statistical analysis indicating that both the uncorrected and energy corrected correlations can predict shear wave velocity with equal accuracy. It is also found that the soil type has a little effect on these correlations below SPT-N value of about 10.
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TL;DR: In this article, a detailed shallow subsurface investigations and borehole analysis was carried out by carrying out 47 seismic surface wave tests using multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and 23 boreholes with standard penetration test (SPT) N values.
Abstract: Subsurface lithology and seismic site classification of Lucknow urban center located in the central part of the Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) are presented based on detailed shallow subsurface investigations and borehole analysis. These are done by carrying out 47 seismic surface wave tests using multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and 23 boreholes drilled up to 30 m with standard penetration test (SPT) N values. Subsurface lithology profiles drawn from the drilled boreholes show low- to medium-compressibility clay and silty to poorly graded sand available till depth of 30 m. In addition, deeper boreholes (depth >150 m) were collected from the Lucknow Jal Nigam (Water Corporation), Government of Uttar Pradesh to understand deeper subsoil stratification. Deeper boreholes in this paper refer to those with depth over 150 m. These reports show the presence of clay mix with sand and Kankar at some locations till a depth of 150 m, followed by layers of sand, clay, and Kankar up to 400 m. Based on the available details, shallow and deeper cross-sections through Lucknow are presented. Shear wave velocity (SWV) and N-SPT values were measured for the study area using MASW and SPT testing. Measured SWV and N-SPT values for the same locations were found to be comparable. These values were used to estimate 30 m average values of N-SPT (N
30) and SWV (V
s
30
) for seismic site classification of the study area as per the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) soil classification system. Based on the NEHRP classification, the entire study area is classified into site class C and D based on V
s
30
and site class D and E based on N
30. The issue of larger amplification during future seismic events is highlighted for a major part of the study area which comes under site class D and E. Also, the mismatch of site classes based on N
30 and V
s
30
raises the question of the suitability of the NEHRP classification system for the study region. Further, 17 sets of SPT and SWV data are used to develop a correlation between N-SPT and SWV. This represents a first attempt of seismic site classification and correlation between N-SPT and SWV in the Indo-Gangetic Basin.
105 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a similar but modified advanced approach has been proposed for a major metro city of eastern India, i.e., Kolkata city (latitudes 22°20′N-23°00′N and longitudes 88°04′E-88°33′E), to obtain shear wave velocity profile and soil site classification using regression and sensitivity analyses.
Abstract: The detrimental effects of an earthquake are strongly influenced by the response of soils subjected to dynamic loading. The behavior of soils under dynamic loading is governed by the dynamic soil properties such as shear wave velocity, damping characteristics and shear modulus. Worldwide, it is a common practice to obtain shear wave velocity (V
s in m/s) using the correlation with field standard penetration test (SPT) N values in the absence of sophisticated dynamic field test data. In this paper, a similar but modified advanced approach has been proposed for a major metro city of eastern India, i.e., Kolkata city (latitudes 22°20′N–23°00′N and longitudes 88°04′E–88°33′E), to obtain shear wave velocity profile and soil site classification using regression and sensitivity analyses. Extensive geotechnical borehole data from 434 boreholes located across 75 sites in the city area of 185 km2 and laboratory test data providing information on the thickness of subsoil strata, SPT N values, consistency indices and percentage of fines are collected and analyzed thoroughly. A correlation between shear wave velocity (V
s) and SPT N value for various soil profiles of Kolkata city has been established by using power model of nonlinear regression analysis and compared with existing correlations for other Indian cities. The present correlations, having regression coefficients (R
2) in excess of 0.96, indicated good prediction capability. Sensitivity analysis predicts that significant influence of soil type exists in determining V
s values, for example, typical silty sand shows 30.4 % increase in magnitude of V
s as compared to silt of Kolkata city. Moreover, the soil site classification shows Class D and Class E category of soil that exists typically in Kolkata city as per NEHRP (Recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures—Part 1: Provisions. Prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Report FEMA 450), Washington, DC, 2003) guidelines and thereby highlighting the seismic vulnerability of the city. The results presented in this study can be utilized for seismic microzonation, ground response analysis and hazard assessment for Kolkata city.
74 citations
Cites background or result from "Use of Surface Waves in Statistical..."
...Maheshwari et al. (2010) established empirical correlations of shear wave velocity with both uncorrected and corrected SPT N values for various categories of soil (all soils, sand and clay) for Chennai city....
[...]
...…of Kolkata city with the empirical correlations proposed by researchers for other Indian cities, i.e., Hanumanthrao and Ramana (2008) (for Delhi city), Sitharam and Anbazhagan (2008) (for Bangalore city), Mhaske and Choudhury (2011) (for Mumbai city) and Maheshwari et al. (2010) (for Chennai city)....
[...]
...…7 Vs = 76.55 N 0.445 Athanasopoulos (1995) 8 Vs = 97.89 N 0.269 Hasancebi and Ulusay (2007) 9 Vs = 44 N 0.48 Dikmen (2009) 10 Vs = 89.31 N 0.358 Maheshwari et al. (2010) Table 4 Correlations between SPT N value and shear wave velocity (Vs) for silty sand soils considered in the present study b…...
[...]
...…equation of Hanumanthrao and Ramana (2008) and Sitharam and Anbazhagan (2008) yields higher shear wave velocity (Vs) for all soils, whereas that of Maheshwari et al. (2010) yields lower shear wave velocity (Vs) for all soils when compared to those from the correlations developed in the present…...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a development of reliable correlation between the shear wave velocity and the number of blows from standard penetration test (SPT) at various sites in Roorkee region.
Abstract: For ground improvement, assessment of damage during an earthquake is very important issue which in turn depends on the ground motion. The characteristics of an earthquake motion at a site depend on the shear wave velocity (V
s
). The shear wave velocity profile at a site may not be readily available however, the numbers of blows (N) from standard penetration test (SPT) are readily available. This paper presents a development of reliable correlation between V
s
measured by multi channel analysis of surface wave tests and N measured using SPT at various sites in Roorkee region. These tests have been carried out at ten different sites in Roorkee region (within a radius of 30 km). The SPT samples are tested in the laboratory for index properties. Roorkee is situated in high seismic zone, therefore the study is important for this region. Based on the statistical assessments, an empirical correlation between V
s
and N was developed. This is done separately for all types of soils, sands only and clays only. The developed relations fall within the range of other relations developed worldwide for other sites. A comparison with available relations is also presented. The proposed relations will be helpful in seismic microzonation of the region as ground motion is one of the important parameters.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the factors which influence the derived equations, in particular the relevance of the soil type, and discuss the regression analysis used to develop empirical relationships between the two parameters.
Abstract: Shear wave velocity is an important input parameter for dynamic ground analysis. Standard penetration test blow counts, static cone penetration tip resistance and shear wave velocity (VS) obtained by the cross-hole technique have been collected from a large number of projects in Greece over the last 10 years and regression analysis used to develop empirical relationships. The paper discusses the factors which influence the derived equations, in particular the relevance of the soil type.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a rational methodology for an integrated geological and geotechnical assessment of the available field data based on lithostratigraphical features was presented and discussed, and three original empirical NSPT-VS power function relationships were derived and distinguished depending on the main lithofacies recognized in the Campobasso District, corresponding to Structured Soil Deposit (SSD), All Soils (AS) and Weathered Soils(WS).
37 citations
Cites background from "Use of Surface Waves in Statistical..."
...Usually, the considered lithological formations are alluvial ormarine deposits, collecting the experimental data for a single site (Jinan, 1987; Iyisan, 1996; Pitilakis et al., 1999; Jafari et al., 2002; Hasançebi and Ulusay, 2007; Hanumantharao and Ramana, 2008; Koçkar and Akgün, 2008; Dikmen, 2009; Maheswari et al., 2010; Akin et al., 2011) or for a set of sites in the same region, district or country (Ohta and Goto, 1978; Imai and Tonouchi, 1982; Tsiambaos and Sabatakakis, 2011)....
[...]
..., 2011), India (Hanumantharao and Ramana, 2008; Maheswari et al., 2010; Anbazhagan et al., 2013) and Iran (Jafari et al....
[...]
...As aforementioned, a rather extensive set of correlation (Kayabali, 1996; Rollins et al., 1998; Pitilakis et al., 1999; Hasançebi and Ulusay, 2007; Maheswari et al., 2010; Tsiambaos and Sabatakakis, 2011) investigated the relationships between the VS with the well-known energy corrected SPT blow counts N60 and overburden stress corrected values (N1)60....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1948
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the properties of soils and their properties in terms of Hydraulics of Soils, Hydraulic and Mechanical Properties of Soil Exploration Hydraulic, Mechanical, and Hydraulic properties of soil.
Abstract: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Index Properties of Soils Soil Exploration Hydraulic and Mechanical Properties of Soils THEORETICAL SOIL MECHANICS Hydraulics of Soils Plastic Equilibrium in Soils Settlement and Contact Pressure PROBLEMS OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Ground Improvement Earth Pressure and Stability of Slopes Foundations Settlement Due to Extraneous Causes Dams and Dam Foundations References Indexes
5,136 citations
"Use of Surface Waves in Statistical..." refers background in this paper
...Though the SPT tests are not meant for clayey soils, correlations are also available between the unconfined compressive strength and SPT-N value in the literature ( Terzaghi and Peck 1967 )....
[...]
Book•
07 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the Probleme dynamique Reference Record was created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08 and was used as a reference record.
Abstract: Keywords: Tremblement de terre ; Danger naturel ; Propagation des ondes ; Probleme dynamique Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08
3,585 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a multichannel shot gather is decomposed into a swept-frequency record, allowing the fast generation of an accurate dispersion curve, which can then be examined and its effects appraised in both frequency and offset space.
Abstract: The frequency-dependent properties of Rayleigh-type surface waves can be utilized for imaging and characterizing the shallow subsurface. Most surface-wave analysis relies on the accurate calculation of phase velocities for the horizontally traveling fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave acquired by stepping out a pair of receivers at intervals based on calculated ground roll wavelengths. Interference by coherent source-generated noise inhibits the reliability of shear-wave velocities determined through inversion of the whole wave field. Among these nonplanar, nonfundamental-mode Rayleigh waves (noise) are body waves, scattered and nonsource-generated surface waves, and higher-mode surface waves. The degree to which each of these types of noise contaminates the dispersion curve and, ultimately, the inverted shear-wave velocity profile is dependent on frequency as well as distance from the source. Multichannel recording permits effective identification and isolation of noise according to distinctive traceto-trace coherency in arrival time and amplitude. An added advantage is the speed and redundancy of the measurement process. Decomposition of a multichannel record into a time variable-frequency format, similar to an uncorrelated Vibroseis record, permits analysis and display of each frequency component in a unique and continuous format. Coherent noise contamination can then be examined and its effects appraised in both frequency and offset space. Separation of frequency components permits real-time maximization of the S/N ratio during acquisition and subsequent processing steps. Linear separation of each ground roll frequency component allows calculation of phase velocities by simply measuring the linear slope of each frequency component. Breaks in coherent surface-wave arrivals, observable on the decomposed record, can be compensated for during acquisition and processing. Multichannel recording permits single-measurement surveying of a broad depth range, high levels of redundancy with a single field configuration, and the ability to adjust the offset, effectively reducing random or nonlinear noise introduced during recording. A multichannel shot gather decomposed into a sweptfrequency record allows the fast generation of an accurate dispersion curve. The accuracy of dispersion curves determined using this method is proven through field comparisons of the inverted shear-wave velocity (vs) profile with a downholevs profile.
2,131 citations
"Use of Surface Waves in Statistical..." refers methods in this paper
...The shear wave velocity profile obtained from surface wave method involves three steps: acquisition of ground roll, construction of dispersion curve (phase velocity vs. frequency) and back calculation (inversion) of the Vs profile from the calculated dispersion curve ( Park et al. 1999 )....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide new unambiguous definitions of site classes and rigorous empirical estimates of site-dependent amplification factors in terms of mean shear-wave velocity and input ground-motion level.
Abstract: Recent borehole‐geotechnical data and strong‐motion measurements constitute a new empirical basis to account for local geological conditions in earthquake‐resistant design and site‐dependent, building‐code provisions. They provide new unambiguous definitions of site classes and rigorous empirical estimates of site‐dependent amplification factors in terms of mean shear‐wave velocity. A simple four‐step methodology for estimating site‐dependent response spectra is specified herein. Alternative techniques and commentary are presented for each step to facilitate application of the methodology for different purposes. Justification for the methodology is provided in terms of definitions for the new site classes and derivations of simple empirical equations for amplification as a function of mean shear‐wave velocity and input ground‐motion level. These new results provide a rigorous framework for improving estimates of site‐dependent response spectra for design, site‐dependent building‐code provisions, ...
872 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two amplitude-dependent site amplification factors are specified: Fa for short periods and Fv for longer periods, and the new site classification system is based on definitions of five site classes in terms of a representative average shear wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (V¯s).
Abstract: Recent code provisions for buildings and other structures (1994 and 1997 NEHRP Provisions, 1997 UBC) have adopted new site amplification factors and a new procedure for site classification. Two amplitude‐dependent site amplification factors are specified: Fa for short periods and Fv for longer periods. Previous codes included only a long period factor S and did not provide for a short period amplification factor. The new site classification system is based on definitions of five site classes in terms of a representative average shear wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (V¯s). This definition permits sites to be classified unambiguously. When the shear wave velocity is not available, other soil properties such as standard penetration resistance or undrained shear strength can be used. The new site classes denoted by letters A ‐ E, replace site classes in previous codes denoted by S1 ‐ S4. Site classes A and B correspond to hard rock and rock, Site Class C corresponds to soft rock and very stiff / ver...
408 citations