User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address the ability to predict peoples' computer acceptance from a measure of their intentions, and explain their intentions in terms of their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and related variables.
Abstract: Computer systems cannot improve organizational performance if they aren't used. Unfortunately, resistance to end-user systems by managers and professionals is a widespread problem. To better predict, explain, and increase user acceptance, we need to better understand why people accept or reject computers. This research addresses the ability to predict peoples' computer acceptance from a measure of their intentions, and the ability to explain their intentions in terms of their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and related variables. In a longitudinal study of 107 users, intentions to use a specific system, measured after a one-hour introduction to the system, were correlated 0.35 with system use 14 weeks later. The intention-usage correlation was 0.63 at the end of this time period. Perceived usefulness strongly influenced peoples' intentions, explaining more than half of the variance in intentions at the end of 14 weeks. Perceived ease of use had a small but significant effect on intentions as well, although this effect subsided over time. Attitudes only partially mediated the effects of these beliefs on intentions. Subjective norms had no effect on intentions. These results suggest the possibility of simple but powerful models of the determinants of user acceptance, with practical value for evaluating systems and guiding managerial interventions aimed at reducing the problem of underutilized computer technology.
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TL;DR: The article presents a running example which analyzes the same dataset via three very different statistical techniques and compares two classes of SEM: covariance-based SEM and partial-least-squaresbased SEM, and discusses linear regression models and guidelines as to when SEM techniques and when regression techniques should be used.
Abstract: The growing interest in Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques and recognition of their importance in IS research suggests the need to compare and contrast different types of SEM techniques so that research designs can be selected appropriately. After assessing the extent to which these techniques are currently being used in IS research, the article presents a running example which analyzes the same dataset via three very different statistical techniques. It then compares two classes of SEM: covariance-based SEM and partial-least-squaresbased SEM. Finally, the article discusses linear regression models and offers guidelines as to when SEM techniques and when regression techniques should be used. The article concludes with heuristics and rule of thumb thresholds to guide practice, and a discussion of the extent to which practice is in accord with these guidelines.
5,688 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative effects of usefulness and enjoyment on intentions to use, and usage of, computers in the workplace were reported concerning the relative benefits of using computers in work environments.
Abstract: Previous research indicates that perceived usefulness is a major determinant and predictor of intentions to use computers in the workplace. In contrast, the impact of enjoyment on usage intentions has not been examined. Two studies are reported concerning the relative effects of usefulness and enjoyment on intentions to use, and usage of, computers in the workplace. Usefulness had a strong effect on usage intentions in both Study 1, regarding word processing software (β=.68), and Study 2, regarding business graphics programs (β=.79). As hypothesized, enjoyment also had a significant effect on intentions in both studies, controlling for perceived usefulness (β=.16 and 0.15 for Studies 1 and 2, respectively). Study 1 found that intentions correlated 0.63 with system usage and that usefulness and enjoyment influenced usage behavior entirely indirectly through their effects on intentions. In both studies, a positive interaction between usefulness and enjoyment was observed. Together, usefulness and enjoyment explained 62% (Study 1) and 75% (Study 2) of the variance in usage intentions. Moreover, usefulness and enjoyment were found to mediate fully the effects on usage intentions of perceived output quality and perceived ease of use. As hypothesized, a measure of task importance moderated the effects of ease of use and output quality on usefulness but not on enjoyment. Several implications are drawn for how to design computer programs to be both more useful and more enjoyable in order to increase their acceptability among potential users.
5,367 citations
TL;DR: This work draws from the vast body of research on the technology acceptance model (TAM) to develop a comprehensive nomological network of the determinants of individual level IT adoption and use and present a research agenda focused on potential pre- and postimplementation interventions that can enhance employees' adopted and use of IT.
Abstract: Prior research has provided valuable insights into how and why employees make a decision about the adoption and use of information technologies (ITs) in the workplace. From an organizational point of view, however, the more important issue is how managers make informed decisions about interventions that can lead to greater acceptance and effective utilization of IT. There is limited research in the IT implementation literature that deals with the role of interventions to aid such managerial decision making. Particularly, there is a need to understand how various interventions can influence the known determinants of IT adoption and use. To address this gap in the literature, we draw from the vast body of research on the technology acceptance model (TAM), particularly the work on the determinants of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, and: (i) develop a comprehensive nomological network (integrated model) of the determinants of individual level (IT) adoption and use; (ii) empirically test the proposed integrated model; and (iii) present a research agenda focused on potential pre- and postimplementation interventions that can enhance employees' adoption and use of IT. Our findings and research agenda have important implications for managerial decision making on IT implementation in organizations.
5,246 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "User Acceptance of Computer Technol..."
...Perceived ease of use has been theorized to be closely associated with individuals’ self-efficacy beliefs and procedural knowledge, which requires handson experience and execution of skills (Davis et al., 1989; Venkatesh, 2000; Davis & Venkatesh, 2004)....
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...Perceived Ease of Use The degree to which a person believes that using an IT will be free of effort (Davis et al., 1989)....
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...As of December 2007, the Social Science Citation Index listed over 1,700 citations and Google Scholars listed over 5,000 citations to the two journal articles that introduced TAM (Davis, 1989; Davis et al., 1989)....
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...Such strong psychometric properties were consistent with much prior research employing these constructs and measures (Davis, 1989; Davis et al., 1989; Mathieson, 1991; Taylor & Todd, 1995; Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000; Karahanna et al., 2006)....
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...TAM constructs—that is, perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), and behavioral intention (BI)—were operationalized using items adapted from Davis (1989) and Davis et al. (1989)....
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TL;DR: This research highlights the importance of the fit between technologies and users' tasks in achieving individual performance impacts from information technology and suggests that task-technology fit when decomposed into its more detailed components, could be the basis for a strong diagnostic tool to evaluate whether information systems and services in a given organization are meeting user needs.
Abstract: A key concern in Information Systems (IS) research has been to better understand the linkage between information systems and individual performance. The research reported in this study has two primary objectives: (1) to propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research, and (2) to empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to have a positive impact on individual performance, the technology: (1) must be utilized and (2) must be a good fit with the tasks it supports. This new model is moderately supported by an analysis of data from over 600 individuals in two companies. This research highlights the importance of the fit between technologies and users' tasks in achieving individual performance impacts from information technology. It also suggests that task-technology fit when decomposed into its more detailed components, could be the basis for a strong diagnostic tool to evaluate whether information systems and services in a given organization are meeting user needs.
4,809 citations
TL;DR: The proposed model integrates trust and perceived risk, which are incorporated given the implicit uncertainty of the e-commerce environment, and is justified by placing all the variables under the nomological TRA structure and proposing their interrelationships.
Abstract: This paper aims to predict consumer acceptance of e-commerce by proposing a set of key drivers for engaging consumers in on-line transactions. The primary constructs for capturing consumer acceptance of e-commerce are intention to transact and on-line transaction behavior. Following the theory of reasoned action (TRA) as applied to a technology-driven environment, technology acceptance model (TAM) variables (perceived usefulness and ease of use) are posited as key drivers of e-commerce acceptance. The practical utility of TAM stems from the fact that e-commerce is technology-driven. The proposed model integrates trust and perceived risk, which are incorporated given the implicit uncertainty of the e-commerce environment. The proposed integration of the hypothesized independent variables is justified by placing all the variables under the nomological TRA structure and proposing their interrelationships. The resulting research model is tested using data from two empirical studies. The first, exploratory study comprises three experiential scenarios with 103 students. The second, confirmatory study uses a sample of 155 on-line consumers. Both studies strongly support the e-commerce acceptance model by validating the proposed hypotheses. The paper discusses the implications for e-commerce theory, research, and practice, and makes several suggestions for future research.
4,639 citations
Cites background from "User Acceptance of Computer Technol..."
...In order to provide a solid theoretical basis for selecting influential driving factors, this paper integrates two important streams of literature under the nomological structure of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) [3, 33, 71]: (a) the technology acceptance model (TAM) [24, 25, 26], and (b) the literature on trust and risk [7, 29, 30, 47, 53, 58, 59]....
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"User Acceptance of Computer Technol..." refers background in this paper
...The easier a system is to interact with' the greater should be the user's sense of e 品cacy (Bandura 1982) and personal control (Lepper 1985) regarding his or her ability to carry out the sequences of behavior needed to operate the system....
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...E 品 cacy is one of the major factors theorized to underly intrinsic motivation (Bandura 1982: Lepper 1985)....
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