User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address the ability to predict peoples' computer acceptance from a measure of their intentions, and explain their intentions in terms of their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and related variables.
Abstract: Computer systems cannot improve organizational performance if they aren't used. Unfortunately, resistance to end-user systems by managers and professionals is a widespread problem. To better predict, explain, and increase user acceptance, we need to better understand why people accept or reject computers. This research addresses the ability to predict peoples' computer acceptance from a measure of their intentions, and the ability to explain their intentions in terms of their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and related variables. In a longitudinal study of 107 users, intentions to use a specific system, measured after a one-hour introduction to the system, were correlated 0.35 with system use 14 weeks later. The intention-usage correlation was 0.63 at the end of this time period. Perceived usefulness strongly influenced peoples' intentions, explaining more than half of the variance in intentions at the end of 14 weeks. Perceived ease of use had a small but significant effect on intentions as well, although this effect subsided over time. Attitudes only partially mediated the effects of these beliefs on intentions. Subjective norms had no effect on intentions. These results suggest the possibility of simple but powerful models of the determinants of user acceptance, with practical value for evaluating systems and guiding managerial interventions aimed at reducing the problem of underutilized computer technology.
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TL;DR: Data from three experiments supported the hypothesis that an individual's perception of a particular system's ease of use is anchored to her or his general computer self-efficacy at all times, and objective usability has an impact on ease-of- use perceptions about a specific system only after direct experience with the system.
Abstract: The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been widely used to predict user acceptance and use based on perceived ease of use and usefulness. However, in order to design effective training interventions to improve user acceptance, it is necessary to better understand the antecedents and determinants of key acceptance constructs. In this research, we focus on understanding the determinants of perceived ease of use. Data from three experiments spanning 108 subjects and six different systems supported our hypothesis that an individual's perception of a particular system's ease of use is anchored to her or his general computer self-efficacy at all times, and objective usability has an impact on ease of use perceptions about a specific system only after direct experience with the system. In addition to being an important research issue in user acceptance research, understanding antecedents of perceived ease of use is also important from a practical standpoint since several systems in which millions of dollars are invested are rejected because of poor user interfaces. Moreover, the actual underlying problem might be low computer self-efficacy of the target user group. In such cases, training interventions aimed at improving computer self-efficacy of users may be more effective than improved interface design for increasing user acceptance.
3,288 citations
TL;DR: Two studies that replicate previous work by Fred Davis on the subject of perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information technology focus on evaluating the psychometric properties of the ease ofUse and usefulness scales, while examining the relationship between ease ofuse, usefulness, and system usage.
Abstract: This paper presents the findings of two studies that replicate previous work by Fred Davis on the subject of perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information technology. The two studies focus on evaluating the psychometric properties of the ease of use and usefulness scales, while examining the relationship between ease of use, usefulness, and system usage. Study 1 provides a strong assessment of the convergent validity of the two scales by examining heterogeneous user groups dealing with heterogeneous implementations of messaging technology. In addition, because one might expect users to share similar perspectives about voice and electronic mail, the study also represents a strong test of discriminant validity. In this study a total of 118 respondents from 10 different organizations were surveyed for their attitudes toward two messaging technologies: voice and electronic mail.
3,127 citations
TL;DR: The essay addresses issues of causality, explanation, prediction, and generalization that underlie an understanding of theory, and suggests that the type of theory under development can influence the choice of an epistemological approach.
Abstract: The aim of this research essay is to examine the structural nature of theory in Information Systems. Despite the importance of theory, questions relating to its form and structure are neglected in comparison with questions relating to epistemology. The essay addresses issues of causality, explanation, prediction, and generalization that underlie an understanding of theory. A taxonomy is proposed that classifies information systems theories with respect to the manner in which four central goals are addressed: analysis, explanation, prediction, and prescription. Five interrelated types of theory are distinguished: (1) theory for analyzing, (2) theory for explaining, (3) theory for predicting, (4) theory for explaining and predicting, and (5) theory for design and action. Examples illustrate the nature of each theory type. The applicability of the taxonomy is demonstrated by classifying a sample of journal articles. The paper contributes by showing that multiple views of theory exist and by exposing the assumptions underlying different viewpoints. In addition, it is suggested that the type of theory under development can influence the choice of an epistemological approach. Support is given for the legitimacy and value of each theory type. The building of integrated bodies of theory that encompass all theory types is advocated.
3,070 citations
Additional excerpts
...The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis et al. 1989) and DeLone and McLean’s dynamic model of information success (1992 2003) both aim to explain and predict....
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...Journal issue Title of research article Author(s) Theory type Predicting intention to adopt interorganisational linkages: An institutional perspective H.H. Teo, K.K. Wei, and I. Benbasat IV – EP Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model D. Gefen, E. Karahanna, and D.W. Straub IV – EP...
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TL;DR: This study examines how emotional and cognitive responses to visiting a Web-based store for the first time can influence online consumers' intention to return and their likelihood to make unplanned purchases.
Abstract: In this study, we consider the online consumer as both a shopper and a computer user. We test constructs from information systems (Technology Acceptance Model), marketing (Consumer Behavior), and psychology (Flow and Environmental Psychology) in an integrated theoretical framework of online consumer behavior. Specifically, we examine how emotional and cognitive responses to visiting a Web-based store for the first time can influence online consumers' intention to return and their likelihood to make unplanned purchases. The instrumentation shows reasonably good measurement properties and the constructs are validated as a nomological network.A questionnaire-based empirical study is used to test this nomological network. Results confirm the double identity of the online consumer as a shopper and a computer user because both shopping enjoyment and perceived usefulness of the site strongly predict intention to return. Our results on unplanned purchases are not conclusive. We also test some individual and Web site factors that can affect the consumer's emotional and cognitive responses. Product involvement, Web skills, challenges, and use of value-added search mechanisms all have a significant impact on the Web consumer. The study provides a more rounded, albeit partial, view of the online consumer and is a significant steptowards a better understanding of consumer behavior on the Web. The validated metrics should be of use to researchers and practitioners alike.
3,045 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an attitudinal model is developed and empirically tested integrating constructs from technology acceptance research and constructs derived from models of web behavior, and two distinct categories of the interactive shopping environment support the differential importance of immersive, hedonic aspects of the new media as well as the more traditional utilitarian motivations.
2,888 citations
Cites background or methods from "User Acceptance of Computer Technol..."
...As a start to our understanding of these new media we draw upon a technology acceptance model (TAM) from the information systems literature (Davis, 1989; 1993; Davis, Bagozzi, and Warshaw, 1989) developed to understand workplace adoption of new technology....
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...A more recent addition to the TAM model is the enjoyment construct, or the extent to which the activity of using the technology is perceived to provide reinforcement in its own right, apart from any performance consequences that may be anticipated (Davis et al. 1989)....
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...TAM, through its empirical assessment, has been validated by Davis (1989) and further validated by several replications and applications (c.f., Davis, 1993; Davis et al. 1989; Mathieson, 1991; Taylor & Todd, 1995)....
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"User Acceptance of Computer Technol..." refers background in this paper
...The easier a system is to interact with' the greater should be the user's sense of e 品cacy (Bandura 1982) and personal control (Lepper 1985) regarding his or her ability to carry out the sequences of behavior needed to operate the system....
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...E 品 cacy is one of the major factors theorized to underly intrinsic motivation (Bandura 1982: Lepper 1985)....
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...E 品 cacy is thought to operate autonomously from instrumental determinants ofbehavior (Bandura 1982) 、 and influences affect' effort persistence 可 and motivation due to inborn drives for competence and selιdetermination (Bandura 1982: Deci 1975)....
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