Uses of alternative fuels and raw materials in the cement industry as sustainable waste management options
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a literature review of alternative fuels and materials in the cement industry for the planning and promotion of different methods that can decrease the environmental impacts, lower the consumption of energy and material resources, and reduce the economic costs of this industry.
Abstract: The proper use of alternative fuels and materials in the cement industry is essential for the planning and promotion of different methods that can decrease the environmental impacts, lower the consumption of energy and material resources, and reduce the economic costs of this industry. Because of the great potential for the cement industry to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), many new research advances associated with the promising approach of introducing waste materials as alternative fuels or sustainable raw materials into the cement manufacturing process have been developed in recent years. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to provide a literature review of these approaches based on previously published research studies. The analysis is specially focused on the technical, economic, and environmental effects of the uses of five solid wastes, namely, municipal solid waste (MSW), meat and bone animal meal (MBM), sewage sludge (SS), biomass, and end-of-life tyres (ELT), in the cement industry.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the management of GHG emissions in the cement production chain and found that the use of clinker substitutes in cement varied from 3% to 36.4% and the highest near term potential to avoid emissions is replacing clinker with mineral components.
325 citations
Cites background from "Uses of alternative fuels and raw m..."
...The cement production process, energy use and related CO2 emissions are well described (Usón et al., 2013, Benhelal et al., 2012, Mikulcic et al., 2012, Madlool et al., 2011)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the current status of the cleaner cement manufacturing, the cement industry's shifting to alternative raw materials and alternative energy sources, and the modelling of the thermo-chemical processes inside the cement combustion units.
246 citations
Cites background from "Uses of alternative fuels and raw m..."
...However, taking into account that most of the nitrogen in biomass is converted to ammonia, which promotes the conversion of NOx to gaseous nitrogen, these emissions of NOx can also be reduced (Aranda Us on et al., 2013)....
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors reviewed the driving force, environment impact and sustainable development of China's cement industry basing database from society, economy, and industry, and proposed three effective approaches for the sustainable development.
Abstract: Recently, China roughly yields 60% of global production of cement. In this review, the driving force, environment impact and sustainable development of China’s cement industry are discussed basing database from society, economy and industry. At 2014 the production of China’s cement is 2.48 billion tons, equivalently 1.77 ton per capita and 137.4 gram per USD of GDP, the driving forces of China’s cement industry include urbanization, industrialization and the economic stimulation, the production of cement might come to a plateau after decades of rapid increasing. By closing down massive outdated capability, restricting the industries to denitration, desulfuration, recovering waste heat and slashing carbon emission, the pollutants from the cement industry reduced significantly during the last decades; the cement industry completed a great deal of various solid wastes and contributed to the cleaner production. Various approaches to increase the recycling degree are reviewed and an efficient way is put forward. The alternative cements must be based on high abundance raw materials, low carbon emission, low energy consumption, low pollutants and waste byproducts. Cleaner production, recycling and alternative cement are three effective approaches for the sustainable development of cement industry.
151 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed time series of embodied GHG emissions from the construction sector for 1997-2011 and demonstrate that strategies which focus solely on improving operational performance of buildings and the production efficiencies of domestic material producers will be insufficient to meet sector emission reduction targets.
130 citations
Cites background from "Uses of alternative fuels and raw m..."
...production processes for cement, concrete, asphalt, brick and blockwork [51]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a recycling method for recycled cement, using demolished inorganic building materials (DIBMs) and waste concrete powder (WCP) as cement substitute materials, and the properties of trial recycled cement were evaluated.
Abstract: CO2 emitted from calcination processes in kilns comprises 60% of all emissions from cement production. The chemical components of building materials, demolished inorganic building materials (DIBMs), and waste concrete powder (WCP) are similar to those of cement minerals. Therefore, if DIBMs are used as a cement substitute material along with limestone, the quantity of disposed waste and the use of limestone will likely be reduced, as will CO2 emissions during cement production. This study proposes a recycling method for recycled cement, using DIBMs and WCP as cement substitute materials, and the properties of trial recycled cement were evaluated. The mortar specimen using recycled cement showed a high compressive strength, as did the ordinary Portland cement mortar. According to the proposed composition, the producible recycled cement was derived from 0.5% to 9.1% of annual cement production (about 57.6 million tons) in Japan. Additionally, the CO2 reduction by usage of recycled cement ranged from 0.06 million tons to 0.72 million tons from the total annual CO2 emissions from cement production (about 29.4 million tons), using natural resources in Japan.
130 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the practicality of replacing portland cements with alternative hydraulic cements that could result in lower total CO 2 emissions per unit volume of concrete of equivalent performance.
1,521 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
1,242 citations
TL;DR: According to the International Energy Agency, the main levers for cement producers are the increase in energy efficiency and the use of alternative materials, be it as fuel or raw materials as mentioned in this paper, and therefore, the cement industry worldwide is facing growing challenges in conserving material and energy resources, as well as reducing its CO 2 emissions.
1,075 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, various issues related to the combustion of agricultural residues are discussed, such as densification, combustion mechanisms, problems of low melting point of ash such as agglomeration and fouling, emissions and co-combustion.
1,057 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations