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Journal ArticleDOI

Using Framework Analysis in nursing research: a worked example.

01 Nov 2013-Journal of Advanced Nursing (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)-Vol. 69, Iss: 11, pp 2423-2431
TL;DR: The detailed critique of Framework Analysis presented in this paper is a useful resource when designing and conducting qualitative studies and may find the detailed explanation of the process undertaken which is illustrated with a worked example.
Abstract: Aims To demonstrate Framework Analysis using a worked example and to illustrate how criticisms of qualitative data analysis including issues of clarity and transparency can be addressed. Background Critics of the analysis of qualitative data sometimes cite lack of clarity and transparency about analytical procedures; this can deter nurse researchers from undertaking qualitative studies. Framework Analysis is flexible, systematic, and rigorous, offering clarity, transparency, an audit trail, an option for theme-based and case-based analysis and for readily retrievable data. This paper offers further explanation of the process undertaken which is illustrated with a worked example. Data source and research design Data were collected from 31 nursing students in 2009 using semi-structured interviews. Discussion The data collected are not reported directly here but used as a worked example for the five steps of Framework Analysis. Suggestions are provided to guide researchers through essential steps in undertaking Framework Analysis. The benefits and limitations of Framework Analysis are discussed. Implications for nursing Nurses increasingly use qualitative research methods and need to use an analysis approach that offers transparency and rigour which Framework Analysis can provide. Nurse researchers may find the detailed critique of Framework Analysis presented in this paper a useful resource when designing and conducting qualitative studies. Conclusion Qualitative data analysis presents challenges in relation to the volume and complexity of data obtained and the need to present an ‘audit trail’ for those using the research findings. Framework Analysis is an appropriate, rigorous and systematic method for undertaking qualitative analysis.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a worked example of using framework, which they hope will assist other researchers in deciding if this approach is suitable for their own research, and will provide guidance on how one might go about conducting framework analysis when working as part of a research team.
Abstract: Framework analysis is an approach to qualitative research that is increasingly used across multiple disciplines, including psychology, social policy, and nursing research. The stages of framework analysis have been described in published work, but the literature is lacking in articles describing how to conduct it in practice, particularly in the field of psychology, where researchers may be working as part of a team. Having used framework analysis on a study exploring adolescents’ experiences of depression, we faced various challenges along the way and learned from experience how to use this approach to qualitative analysis. In this reflective article, we describe a worked example of using framework, which we hope will assist other researchers in deciding if this approach is suitable for their own research, and will provide guidance on how one might go about conducting framework analysis when working as part of a research team. We conclude that framework is a valuable contribution to qualitative m...

199 citations


Cites background or methods or result from "Using Framework Analysis in nursing..."

  • ...We would therefore agree with other researchers who have suggested framework analysis may be a good entry point for those new to qualitative research and for those collaborating across multidisciplinary teams (Gale et al. 2013; Ward et al. 2013)....

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  • ...For example, Ward et al. describe how they identified themes which were “derived from immersion in the data” from the familiarization stage, and these themes became their “theoretical framework” (Ward et al. 2013, p. 2428)....

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  • ...This allows the summaries to be read across for within-case analyses, or downwards for the analysis of a specific theme or category for between-case analyses (Ward et al. 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a Leerstelle in Bezug auf den Begriff von "Thema" in beiden Ansatzen and des Prozesses der Entwicklung von Themen.
Abstract: Qualitatives Design besteht aus verschiedenen Ansatzen zur Datenerhebung und -analyse, die insbesondere fur die Erstellung kultureller und kontextueller Beschreibungen und die Interpretation sozialer Phanomene anwendbar sind. Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse (QCA) und thematische Analyse (TA) stellen beides qualitative Ansatze dar, die ublicherweise von Forscher_innen aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen gleichermasen eingesetzt werden. Allerdings besteht in der internationalen Literatur eine Leerstelle in Bezug auf den Begriff von "Thema" in beiden Ansatzen und des Prozesses der Entwicklung von Themen. Daher gehen wir in unserem Beitrag auf diese Leerstelle ein und stellen Unterschiede und Ahnlichkeiten zwischen beiden Methoden in Bezug auf das "Thema" als Endprodukt der Datenanalyse dar. Zur Unterstutzung unserer Sichtweisen und zur Erstellung international fundierter analytischer Begriffe von "Thema" greifen wir auf die aktuelle Literatur aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen zuruck. Wir gehen davon aus, dass Forscher_innen von einem vertieften Verstandnis des Prozesses der Themenentwicklung in mehreren Hinsichten profitieren, namlich bei der Auswahl einer geeigneten Methode fur die Beantwortung ihrer Forschungsfrage, bei der Erzielung qualitativ hochwertiger und valider Ergebnisse sowie dabei, den analytischen Anforderungen an QCA und TA gerecht zu werden.

177 citations


Cites background from "Using Framework Analysis in nursing..."

  • ...In this respect, the use of field notes, reflexive diaries and decision trails have been suggested to researchers (GRANEHEIM et al., 2017; WARD et al., 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The methodological process of conducting framework synthesis using nvivo for each stage of the review: screening, data extraction, synthesis and critical appraisal is focused on.
Abstract: Aims and objectives The aim of this qualitative evidence synthesis was to explore the experiences and perceptions of health care staff caring for people with dementia in the acute setting. This paper focuses on the methodological process of conducting framework synthesis using NVivo for each stage of the review: screening, data extraction, synthesis and critical appraisal. Background Qualitative evidence synthesis brings together many research findings in a meaningful way that can be used to guide practice and policy development. For this purpose, synthesis must be conducted in a comprehensive and rigorous way. There has been previous discussion on how using NVivo can assist in enhancing and illustrate the rigorous processes involved. Design Qualitative Framework Synthesis. Methods Twelve documents, or research reports, based on nine studies, were included for synthesis. Conclusion The benefits of using NVivo are outlined in terms of facilitating teams of researchers to systematically and rigorously synthesise findings. NVivo functions were used to conduct a sensitivity analysis. Some valuable lessons were learned and these are presented to assist and guide researchers who wish to use similar methods in future.

132 citations


Cites background or methods from "Using Framework Analysis in nursing..."

  • ...ferences in qualitative data, thereby seeking to draw explanations and descriptions around themes (Ward et al. 2013)....

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  • ...Framework synthesis is a pragmatic approach to synthesis (Carroll et al. 2011) that identifies commonalities and differences in qualitative data, thereby seeking to draw explanations and descriptions around themes (Ward et al. 2013)....

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  • ...The framework approach is being recognised as rigorous and systematic in qualitative analysis and synthesis (Ward et al. 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the driving forces of household vulnerability to excessive indoor heat, in terms of risk of exposure, adaptive capacity, and sensitivity, and explore the implications for addressing energy poverty.

118 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that addressing barriers at the individual and sociostructural levels will better serve LGBT communities.
Abstract: Access to effective services is imperative to address the many health and mental health disparities that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people face. This population, however, remains underserved and often ill-served in health care environments. Furthermore, interactions between system- and individual-level dimensions of access create barriers to service engagement. Within much of the extant literature surrounding health care barriers among LGBT people, the rich narratives and varied experiences of LGBT community members from diverse backgrounds have often been excluded. The current interview-based study was conducted with a sample of 40 self-identified LGBT adults living in New York City. Participants were recruited through flyers distributed to LGBT-specific social and health service organizations. Twenty-nine participants who discussed health care access as a major health concern were included in the current study. Framework analysis revealed barriers stemming from characteristics of services and providers (system-level) and characteristics of care-seekers (individual-level) as major health concerns. The root causes of system-level barriers were all attributed to social-structural factors that worked to exclude and erase LGBT people from the institutions that shape the health and mental health systems. Individual-level barriers were attributed to both individual and social-structural factors, such as health literacy and stigma. Participants linked access barriers to forgone care and to other health and mental health concerns within their communities. We argue that addressing barriers at the individual and sociostructural levels will better serve LGBT communities. (PsycINFO Database Record

111 citations


Cites background or methods from "Using Framework Analysis in nursing..."

  • ...This method involves a five-step process that includes: (a) familiarization with the data; (b) coding and identifying themes; (c) applying the thematic framework to the data and refining themes; (d) charting and summarizing data in the framework; and (e) mapping relationships between themes and checking summaries (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994; Ward et al., 2013)....

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  • ...…with the data; (b) coding and identifying themes; (c) applying the thematic framework to the data and refining themes; (d) charting and summarizing data in the framework; and (e) mapping relationships between themes and checking summaries (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994; Ward et al., 2013)....

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  • ...In framework analysis, thematic frameworks should be informed by existing ideas as, in general, framework analysis does not focus on generating entirely new theory (Ward et al., 2013)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology as mentioned in this paper, and it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data.
Abstract: Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines to those wanting to start thematic analysis, or conduct it in a more deliberate and rigorous way, and consider potential pitfalls in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, we outline the disadvantages and advantages of thematic analysis. We conclude by advocating thematic analysis as a useful and flexible method for qualitative research in and beyond psychology.

103,789 citations


"Using Framework Analysis in nursing..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Hence, what can sometimes be considered at first glance to be an easy means of analysis is actually a process requiring time and thought—themes cannot be identified using short cuts if the researcher wishes to remain true to the data (Braun & Clark 2006)....

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  • ...However, many published papers describe undertaking what could be defined as thematic or qualitative content analysis, even if failing to name it in this way or referring to it as one of the more recognized methodologies listed above (Sandelowski 2000, Braun & Clark 2006)....

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  • ...However, Braun and Clark (2006) state that the use of tools or guidelines that are too rigid can reduce flexibility and constrain analysis....

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Book
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Features include the selection and sampling of cases, the problems of access, observation and interviewing, recording and filing data, and the process of data analysis.
Abstract: Acknowledgements Preface 1. What is ethnography? 2. Research design: problems, cases, and samples 3. Access 4. Field relations 5. Insider Accounts: listening and asking questions 6. Documents 7. Recording and organizing data 8. The process of Analysis 9. Writing Ethnography 10. Ethics References Index

9,547 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The general view of descriptive research as a lower level form of inquiry has influenced researchers conducting qualitative research to claim methods they are really not using and not to claim the method they are using: namely, qualitative description.
Abstract: The general view of descriptive research as a lower level form of inquiry has influenced some researchers conducting qualitative research to claim methods they are really not using and not to claim the method they are using: namely, qualitative description. Qualitative descriptive studies have as their goal a comprehensive summary of events in the everyday terms of those events. Researchers conducting qualitative descriptive studies stay close to their data and to the surface of words and events. Qualitative descriptive designs typically are an eclectic but reasonable combination of sampling, and data collection, analysis, and re-presentation techniques. Qualitative descriptive study is the method of choice when straight descriptions of phenomena are desired.

9,029 citations


"Using Framework Analysis in nursing..." refers background in this paper

  • ...However, many published papers describe undertaking what could be defined as thematic or qualitative content analysis, even if failing to name it in this way or referring to it as one of the more recognized methodologies listed above (Sandelowski 2000, Braun & Clark 2006)....

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Book
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the state-of-the-art in the field of qualitative research, focusing on the state of the art and the future.
Abstract: PART ONE: FRAMEWORK Guide to this Book Qualitative Research: Why And How to Do It Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches to Qualitative Research Ethics of Qualitative Research PART TWO: THEORY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Using the Existing Literature Theories Underlying Qualitative Research Texts as Data in Qualitative Research PART THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN Designing Qualitative Research The Qualitative Research Process Research Questions Entering the Field Sampling Triangulation PART FOUR: VERBAL DATA Collecting Verbal Data Interviews Focus Groups Using Narrative Data PART FIVE: DATA BEYOND TALK Collecting Data Beyond Talk Observation and Ethnography Visual Data: Photography, Film & Video Using Documents as Data PART SIX: QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Qualitative Data Analysis Transcription and Data Management Grounded Theory Coding Thematic Coding and Content Analysis Naturally Occuring Data: Conversation, Discourse, and Hermeneutic Analysis Using Software in Qualitative Data Analysis PART SEVEN: GROUNDING, WRITING AND OUTLOOK Quality of Qualitative Research: Criteria and Beyond Writing Qualitative Research State of the Art and the Future

8,605 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
08 Jan 2000-BMJ
TL;DR: Qualitative research produces large amounts of textual data in the form of transcripts and observational fieldnotes, and the systematic and rigorous preparation and analysis of these data is time consuming and labour intensive.
Abstract: This is the second in a series of three articles Contrary to popular perception, qualitative research can produce vast amounts of data. These may include verbatim notes or transcribed recordings of interviews or focus groups, jotted notes and more detailed “fieldnotes” of observational research, a diary or chronological account, and the researcher's reflective notes made during the research. These data are not necessarily small scale: transcribing a typical single interview takes several hours and can generate 20–40 pages of single spaced text. Transcripts and notes are the raw data of the research. They provide a descriptive record of the research, but they cannot provide explanations. The researcher has to make sense of the data by sifting and interpreting them. #### Summary points Qualitative research produces large amounts of textual data in the form of transcripts and observational fieldnotes The systematic and rigorous preparation and analysis of these data is time consuming and labour intensive Data analysis often takes place alongside data collection to allow questions to be refined and new avenues of inquiry to develop Textual data are typically explored inductively using content analysis to generate categories and explanations; software packages can help with analysis but should not be viewed as short cuts to rigorous and systematic analysis High quality analysis of qualitative data depends on the skill, vision, and integrity of the researcher; it should not be left to the novice In much qualitative research the analytical process begins during data collection as the data already gathered are analysed and shape the ongoing data collection. This sequential analysis1 or interim analysis2 has the advantage of allowing the researcher to go back and refine questions, develop hypotheses, and pursue emerging avenues of inquiry in further depth. Crucially, it also enables the researcher to look for deviant or negative cases; that is, …

7,637 citations