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Journal ArticleDOI

Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review

01 Jan 2008-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews (Pergamon)-Vol. 12, Iss: 1, pp 116-140
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2017-Energies
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction between sludge and coal in their co-combustion process is investigated and the results indicate that the interaction takes place during the devolatilization and combustion period.
Abstract: Sewage sludge in China has the characteristics of low organic content and low heating value compared with other developed countries. Self-sustaining combustion of Chinese sludge cannot be achieved when the moisture content is high. Co-combusting a small amount of sludge in the existing coal-fired boilers is a usual sludge disposal method in China. Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of a bituminous coal, three different sewage sludges, and their blends have been carried out. Fitted curves by linear calculation and actual curves of blends were compared to study the interaction between sludge and coal in their co-combustion process. The results indicate that the interaction between the two fuels takes place during the devolatilization and combustion period. Sludge acts as a catalyst for coal during the co-combustion process because of the large amount of inorganic salts contained in the sludge. Co-combustion of coal and sludge is more efficient than single burning of the two fuels.

13 citations


Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."

  • ...08%, much lower than that of European countries (60% on average) [25]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, a trabalho and apresentar as principais formas de aproveitamento e destinacao final de lodos de esgotos, destacando-se aqui, os processos de incineracao e pirolise, a disposicao no solo and a destinaccao final do lodo em aterros sanitarios.
Abstract: O objetivo deste trabalho e apresentar as principais formas de aproveitamento e destinacao final de lodos de esgotos, destacando-se aqui, os processos de incineracao e pirolise, a disposicao no solo e a destinacao final do lodo em aterros sanitarios. As principais vantagens do uso agricola de biossolido sao, aumento da produtividade, melhoria da qualidade quimica do solo e economia com uso de fertilizantes quimicos. Entretanto, as substâncias orgânicas, metais toxicos e agentes patogenicos, contidos no residuo, representam limitacoes ao uso. Os aterros sanitarios sao o destino mais comum para a disposicao do biossolido produzido no Brasil. Apesar da sua simplicidade, a disposicao em aterros pode causar varios problemas como, a poluicao das aguas subterrâneas e do solo com o chorume, poluicao visual e emissao de metano para a atmosfera. A incineracao nao constitui um metodo de eliminacao completa de lodo, uma vez que parte do residuo permanece como cinzas. A pirolise e uma pratica que pode ser empregada para o aproveitamento do lodo de esgoto como biomassa. Nesse processo termico, sao gerados produtos com valores agregados, tais como oleo, gases e carvao que podem ser utilizados como fonte de combustiveis ou em outros usos relacionados a industria

12 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The major WEs detected in the bleached wax were C46-C60 with small amounts of C37-C43 and C62 WEs, and Activated sludge WEs are mainly mixture of C14-C28 FAs and C24-C37 FALs, in which the predominant FAs are C16 and C18 while the predominantFALs are C32 and C34.

12 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Combined preincubation-vermicomposting is the most efficient and ecofriendly technique for biodegradation, stabilization, and conversion of sewage sludge and kitchen waste into organic fertilizer.

12 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Certain clay minerals, i.e., bentonite, attapulgite, mixed clay of saponite and attapulate, and zeolite seem promising materials for the stabilization of sewage sludge in the perspective of using them as a fertilizer.
Abstract: Preserving sewage sludge’s N is important for its agronomic use and this could possibly be achieved by treating sludge with certain clay minerals. Nine clay minerals and additionally Ca(OH)2 were added to dewatered sewage sludge at 0–30 % rates (wet weight basis) (treatments). After 70 days of equilibration, all mixtures were analyzed for certain properties and the mineral-sludge mixtures which showed the highest microbial load reduction were further assayed, along with the limed and untreated sludge. From all minerals’ treatments, the fecal indicators of sludge treated with 30% of two bentonites, attapulgite, saponite–attapulgite, and zeolite decreased considerably compared to the control. These treatments were performed also well regarding sludge’s retention capacity of available inorganic N, with the attapulgite and zeolite treatments containing the significantly highest amounts of NO3–N and NH4–N, respectively. For the water-soluble inorganic N, similar results were obtained for the zeolite treatment, whereas the treatments with the two bentonites had the significantly highest NO3–N content. Also, considerable amounts of water-soluble P were obtained in all cases of the treated sludge with minerals. Limed sludge had the lowest content of the water-soluble inorganic N and P. As far as the micronutrients are concerned, only Zn and B were detectable in the water-soluble fraction of all five minerals’ treatments. The heavy metals, which regulate sludge’s agronomic use, were far below the respective permissible limits and lower than the untreated sludge, except for Ni and Cr in the attapulgite and saponite–attapulgite treatments. In conclusion, certain clay minerals, i.e., bentonite, attapulgite, mixed clay of saponite and attapulgite, and zeolite, seem promising materials for the stabilization of sewage sludge in the perspective of using them as a fertilizer. In addition, they seem to have higher fertilizing value than limed sludge. However, environmental (in respect of Ni and Cr) and agricultural (in respect of Zn and B) impacts must be considered.

12 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.

10,518 citations


"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....

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Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.

3,826 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.

1,026 citations


"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....

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  • ...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....

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  • ...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.

530 citations