Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
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29 May 2020
TL;DR: In this article, Burgos Castillo et al. evaluated the performance of electro-fenton (EF) for the generation of hydroxyl radicals in chemical and electrochemical processes with a special focus on electro-Fenton treatment in different environmental applications.
Abstract: Rutely Concepcion Burgos Castillo Fenton chemistry beyond remediating wastewater and producing cleaner water Lappeenranta 2020 73 pages Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 905 Diss. Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT ISBN 978-952-335-513-2, ISBN 978-952-335-514-9 (PDF), ISSN-L 1456-4491, ISSN 1456-4491 The production, use and transformation of inorganic and organic chemical compounds are negatively affecting the global environment, whereas the disposal of byproducts generated at urban wastewater treatment plants is becoming factually regulated (Urban Water Treatment Council Directive 91/271/ EEC). As a result, alternative technologies like (electrochemical) advanced oxidation processes ((E)AOPs) have been investigated to reduce and eliminate the load of persistent pollutants from drinking water and wastewaters. In this regard, electrochemical technologies are considered a promising platform, not just to reduce different persistent pollutants by means of the in-situ production of oxidising agents but also to generate compounds of added-value using waste streams. In this research, the generation of oxidising agents like hydroxyl radicals was assessed in chemical and electrochemical processes with a special focus on electroFenton (EF) treatment in different environmental applications, because electrochemical methods are simple to operate and can be tuned to obtain conversion efficiencies that are not achieved in non-electrochemical systems. Electro-Fenton (EF) was studied for its ability to electrogenerate H2O2 in-situ, in which catalytic amounts of Fe 2+ ions are added to react with H2O2 via Fenton’s reaction. Firstly, experiments were performed following a kinetic model to determine optimal conditions for the quantification of hydroxyl radical using 1,2-benzopyrone (coumarin) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). Secondly, the continuous electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide was applied to mineralise bisphenol A. In addition, EF was studied as sludge washing technique to treat diluted samples of anaerobically digested sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In this piece of work, selected chemical elements were monitored, including Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and P. Their performance was thus compared with those of acidification at pH 3.0, added Fenton’s reagent and aeration. Finally, a novel electrochemically-assisted route was studied to generate nanoparticles where pure crystals of iron oxides like magnetite were identified. Overall, it was observed that the insitu production of oxidising agents like H2O2 and OH can remediate and transform synthetic and actual effluents, with the potential of producing added-value compounds.
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Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...…Kacprzak et al., 2017), but the implementation of stringent regulations have driven the development of alternative technologies that can transform these types of waste streams into valuable materials like fertilisers and other materials of commercial interest (Fytili & Zabaniotou, 2008)....
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...Furthermore, the effective management of waste generated by Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is becoming strongly regulated by the European Commission Directive 91/271/EEC to prevent their final disposal in sources of freshwater (EC, 1991; Fytili & Zabaniotou, 2008)....
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TL;DR: In this article, Eisenia fetida was used to reduce heavy metal content in the sewage sludge (SS) amended soil and increase soil fertility in terms of soil nutrients content.
9 citations
TL;DR: The hydraulic properties of the soil were very deficient, and the effect of the amendments was not enough to improve them; this was probably the main cause of the general low productivity of these rain-fed crops, as water infiltrated poorly through the root zone.
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TL;DR: An semi-industrial scale UHT rotary kiln gasifier was employed for the gasification of PFSS (at 17% moisture content), collected from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, with minimal differences, with respect to syngas yield.
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07 Nov 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of the sewage sludge obtained from the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Galati, Romania, from the point of view of the heavy metals content, pH, nutrients etc.
Abstract: In Eastern Europe, the investments in municipal waste water have been very important in the last decade. Solving this problem resulted in a new one as the sludge formed is now produced in important quantities. In Romania, this type of sludge has been considered waste and has been deposited on municipal landfills. Since this procedure is forbidden at present, it is extremely important to find alternative solutions, economically feasible and environmentally-friendly. In this paper, we monitored the properties of the sewage sludge obtained from the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Galati, Romania, from the point of view of the heavy metals content, pH, nutrients etc. The structure and elemental composition of sewage sludge was determined by scanning the samples using electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X – ray analyses (EDX). The determination methods were, also, electrometrical and spectrophotometric. We also carried out a statistical investigation regarding the presence of heavy metals by means of multivariate analysis (cluster analysis and main component analysis methods, PCA).
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TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations