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Journal ArticleDOI

Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review

01 Jan 2008-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews (Pergamon)-Vol. 12, Iss: 1, pp 116-140
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This tool leads to a rapid and simple on site estimation of the compost stabilization, allowing qualification of the end-product resulting on a global spectroscopic index of stability.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the effect of smouldering on the emissions of sludge in a commercial incinerator and found that weak smoulders had low levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and PTEs in the mixture before and after treatment as well as in process emissions.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , an ultra-lightweight and eco-friendly ceramic (UEC) was synthesized from waste sewage sludge (SS) and kaolin clay (KC) by changing proportion of SS to KC, the mineral species, structure evolution, physical-mechanical properties, heavy metal risk assessment and sintering mechanism of UEC specimens were investigated.
Abstract: At present, the problem of pollution and re-pollution caused by sewage sludge stacking at random has become increasingly serious in many regions and countries including China, which requires and stimulates researchers to explore more industrially feasible options to reduce environmental and eco-economic problems related to the current sludge management. In this work, an ultra-lightweight and eco-friendly ceramic (UEC) was synthesized from waste sewage sludge (SS) and kaolin clay (KC). By changing proportion of SS to KC, the mineral species, structure evolution, physical-mechanical properties, heavy metal risk assessment and sintering mechanism of UEC specimens were investigated. The results showed that the change of SS content did not vary the mineral species of UEC specimens, which all contained five mineral components: mullite (Al6Si2O13), sillimanite (Al2SiO5), hematite (Fe2O3), cristobalite (tetragonal SiO2) and aluminum iron phosphate (Al0.67Fe0.33(PO4)), but influenced their structure and performance. As the SS content increased from 20 to 50 wt%, the UEC specimen structure became denser and the inner pores grew continuously due to the increase of gas and glassy liquid phase. Meanwhile, the linear shrinkage, mass loss and bulk density also increased continuously, with corresponding maximum values of 18.59%, 30.45% and 1.92 g/cm3, respectively. Whereas the apparent porosity decreased significantly, and its value varied from 39.32% to 17.50%. Among all UEC specimens, the UEC-30 (SS/KC=30/70) and UEC-40 (SS/KC=40/60) had the most promising compressive strength (120 MPa) and bending strength (66 MPa), respectively. Also, the heavy metal leaching results of UEC specimens revealed that the final developed ceramic products were safe and non-toxic.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, thermogravimetric analysis of activated sewage sludge samples obtained from two different waste water treatment plants was performed by using the Friedman isoconversional method.
Abstract: Activated sewage sludge samples obtained from two different waste water treatment plants were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. Due to a very high content of water in the sludge samples, these had to be dried at 160°C in an electrical oven in order to remove all adsorbed water. To ensure pyrolysis conditions, nitrogen atmosphere was applied. The pyrolysis decomposition process was carried out in the temperature range from ambient temperature to 900°C at three different heating rates: 2 K min−1, 5 K min−1, 10 K min−1. TGA and DTG curves of the decomposition processes were obtained. Temperature of onset decomposition, final temperature of decomposition, maximum decomposition rate, and decomposition temperature were determined by thermogravimetric analysis for both sludge samples used. The main decomposition process takes place at temperatures in the range from 230°C to 500°C. Above this temperature, there are only small changes in the mass loss which are often attributed to the decomposition of carbonates present in the sewage sludge samples. To determine the apparent kinetic parameters such as the activation energy and the preexponential factor, the so called Friedman isoconversional method was used. Because of the requirements of this method, initial and final parts of the decomposition process, where crossings of the decomposition lines occurred, were cut off. Obtained dependencies of the apparent activation energies and preexponential factors as a function of conversion were used backwards to calculate the modeled decomposition process of sewage sludge and the experimental data were in good accordance with the data obtained by simulation.

8 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...The rest of the matter after anaerobic digestion can be used as a fertilizer (Fytili & Zabaniotou, 2008)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a facile method of converting digested sludge into a mesoporous material that acts as an effective and stable heterogeneous catalyst for the photo-Fenton reaction was devised.

8 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.

10,518 citations


"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....

    [...]

Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.

3,826 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.

1,026 citations


"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....

    [...]

  • ...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....

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  • ...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.

530 citations