Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Abstract: The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: To date, sanitation has mainly been approached from a public and environmental health perspective and this implies that excreta and other organic waste streams are seen not only as a hazard to quic...
Abstract: To-date, sanitation has mainly been approached from a public and environmental health perspective and this implies that excreta and other organic waste streams are seen not only as a hazard to quic ...
7 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...The landfilling of faecal sludge and sewage sludge can also greatly damage land and groundwater over time through the leaching of nutrients (especially nitrates which are more mobile than phosphates) and other contaminants (Fytili and Zabaniotou, 2008; Lüthi et al., 2009)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the impact of thermal sludge treatment on air quality in a group wastewater treatment plant in the Lodz agglomeration was investigated. But the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of physical, chemical, and biological factors and their influence on the air quality were presented.
Abstract: Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) generate considerable amounts of sewage sludge. The thermal sludge treatment system (TSTS) is therefore one of the most important technological units of a WWTP. However, due to technological processes involved in thermal sludge treatment, specific chemical, physical and biological conditions may arise that can affect air quality both within the WWTP area and in its vicinity. This study uses data from experimental measurements taken in and around a WWTP to assess the impact of thermal sludge treatment on air quality. The selected facility is located in the Group Sewage Treatment Plant in the Lodz Agglomeration and serves a population of around one million. The concentrations of harmful gaseous substances, bacteria, fungi, particulate matter and thermal energy were investigated. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of physical, chemical, and biological factors and their influence on air quality are presented.
7 citations
01 Jan 2013
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the possibility of using troublesome waste such as: sewage sludge, mineral fraction of municipal waste <10 mm, stabilizer after mechanical-biological processing (MBP), carbon waste, glass as a flux in the production of new light ceramic materials was presented.
Abstract: The article presents research on the possibility of using troublesome waste such as: sewage sludge, mineral fraction of municipal waste <10 mm, stabilizer after mechanical-biological processing (MBP), carbon waste, glass as a flux in the production of new light ceramic materials. Clay was used as the basis of the material. In order to determine the possibility of using individual materials to produce a ceramic material, the oxide composition of individual components was examined using the XRF method. XRF analysis showed the presence of quartz and aluminosilicates in the materials, which makes it possible to use these wastes to produce new materials. Then the waste was ground in a ball mill and mixed in different proportions by adding water and three different materials were obtained. Material A: clay, sewage sludge, waste water, glass. Material B: clay, mineral fraction of waste <10 mm, flotation waste, glass. Material C: clay, stabilizer after mechanical-biological processing, post-mining waste, glass. The materials were subjected to strength and absorbability tests. The most stable was Material B. The highest variability of properties was observed in Material A. On the other hand, a high heterogeneity was observed in Material C. The bulk density for all materials was 658kg/m3 on average.
7 citations
Cites background from "Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..."
...Use of sewage sludge in cement production as a co-fuel [12]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the stability of two carbon-supported Fe catalysts in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BmimAc) was examined.
Abstract: The stability of two carbon-supported Fe catalysts in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BmimAc) was examined. One catalyst (Fe/AS) was obtained by chemical activation of dried sewage sludge with iron chloride at a FeCl3:sewage sludge mass ratio of 3 and the other (Fe/HTCS) by hydrothermal carbonization of the sludge in the presence of FeCl3 at a mass ratio of also 3. Fe/AS catalyst exhibited a well-developed porosity, whereas Fe/HTCS one did not show porosity. The carbon content was high in both catalysts, with a total Fe content of 5.2 and 6.6% (w/w) for Fe/AS and Fe/HTCS catalysts, respectively. An aditional Fe catalyst prepared by incipient wetness impregnation on a commercial active carbon support (Fe/AC) was used for comparison with the previous two. All catalysts were active in experiments of H2O2 decomposition and long-term CWPO runs (0.133 kgFe h molBmimAc–1 at 80 °C). Whereas Fe/AC catalyst lost activity largely due to Fe leaching (90% of FeBulk), Fe/AS and Fe/HTCS catalysts exhibited virtually no Fe leaching and hence fairly good stability. Fe/AS catalyst, which afforded complete removal of Bmim+ and TOC conversion values around 30%, proved the most efficient catalyst.
7 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions was developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, binding to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to organic matter.
Abstract: An analytical procedure involving sequential chemicai extractions has been developed for the partitioning of particulate trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) into five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual. Experimental results obtained on replicate samples of fluvial bottom sediments demonstrate that the relative standard deviation of the sequential extraction procedure Is generally better than =10%. The accuracy, evaluated by comparing total trace metal concentrations with the sum of the five Individual fractions, proved to be satisfactory. Complementary measurements were performed on the Individual leachates, and on the residual sediments following each extraction, to evaluate the selectivity of the various reagents toward specific geochemical phases. An application of the proposed method to river sediments is described, and the resulting trace metal speciation is discussed.
10,518 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Over the last decades, a great variety of extraction schemes, both simple and sequential have been developed and, although some methods have been widely used [12,13] none has been unreservedly accepted by the scientific community....
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Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview of Wastewater Engineering, Methods and Implementation Considerations as mentioned in this paper is a good starting point for a discussion of the issues of wastewater engineering. But, it is not a complete survey of the entire literature.
Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.
3,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the current and future issues related to the combustion of sewage sludge is presented, and a number of technologies for thermal processing of sludge are discussed in three groups, i.e., mono-combustion, cocombustions and alternative processes.
1,026 citations
"Utilization of sewage sludge in EU ..." refers background in this paper
...Multiple hearth and fluidized bed furnaces are the most popular and the latter is becoming widely applied [24]....
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...Analysis has shown that about 78–98% of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn present in the sewage sludge are retained in the ash, whereas up to 98% of the Hg may be released into the atmosphere with the flue gas [24]....
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...The whole process is occurring in two distinctive regimes [24]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a standardization with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm, which is used to pin point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials.
Abstract: Sediment analyses are used to pin‐point major sources of metal pollution and to estimate the toxicity potential of dredged materials on agricultural land. For source assessments (Part I of the present review) standardization is needed with respect to grain size effects, commonly achieved by analyzing the sieve fraction <63μm. Further aspects include sampling methods, evaluation of background data and extent of anthropogenic metal enrichment.
530 citations